Outline what is meant by the two strands of British conservatism and consider whether they are compatible

The two strands of the conservative thought have ostensibly different views on how the society ought to be organised. The paternalistic strand derives from the 18th century based on an organic society in which privileges and obligations were classified according to hierarchy, with the consequence that the rich should take responsibility as custodians for the poor, nobelle oblige, this rhetoric is used to provide social assistance. The liberal strand derives the from 19th century classic liberalism in which individuals pursue their own interests in a self-help society based on the free market system in which any form of interference in the economy will lead not only to bureaucratic inefficiency but could also be dangerous as a means for totalitarianism. 1 According to W. H. Greenleaf, a distinguished historian of the British political tradition, the two strands share principles which separate them from other ideologies even though they have different conceptions of the society2. Already in the early nineteenth century different outlooks of the two stands began to appear. In 1835, the conservative Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel advocated a firm government in a free market economy. When Disraeli led the conservative party, however, this attitude changed completely. He believed that competitive capitalism harmed the traditional community. He blamed Peel for selfishness and when the electorate expanded he used the ‘one-nation' appeal referring to the feudal ideal, in which the rich took their responsibility as custodians for the poor. Disraeli did not believe that without social assistance the mass of the electorate would endorse traditional institutions3. This paternalistic brand proclaimed by Disraeli has been the ascendant strand in British conservatism until 1970's. The liberal strand has been rarely represented by the mainstream conservative thinkers until 1975, when Margaret Thatcher became the leader of the party. Which does not mean that liberal thinkers were absent in this doctrine, throughout the history of British conservatism individualist principles have been proposed. Perhaps it should be noted that in the United Kingdom Liberals have been displaced by the Conservative Party, absorbing many liberal principles on the way which explains the liberal conservative tradition not found in continental Europe4. It was during the French Enlightenment that many conservative principles were developed as a defence for the establishment, the ancient regime. They countered progressive ideals such as liberty with contrasting theories about history, tradition and moral community. According to Joseph de Maistre individuals are social beings deriving from traditions in the society. Social continuity is guaranteed by moral guardians such as the family, the church and the state. There is no state of nature such as posited by Rousseau; the society reflects the authority of God. The notion of rights was therefore nonsense as obligations always precedence. They stood for hierarchy, aristocracy, the primacy of the collective over the individual and the importance of the sacred. All of these traits were also present in Burke's writings. Edmund Burke is one of the first who developed conservative principles in England, and although he and his contemporaries have advocated principles now regarded as dead many contemporary conservative thinkers like to trace back their ideas to this heritage5. Although Burke, a Whig, supported a constitutional Monarchy in which the sovereign was constrained by parliament and the parliament by a small and exclusive electorate, he believed in representation of the independent wise derived from ‘natural aristocracy'. 6 When conservatives relate to Burke they mean his themes about organism, test of time and reform. Like Burke, conservatives distrust social change and accept human inequality. Human beings are naturally diverse in energy and talent which also implies that levelling classes is futile, egalitarian programmes are dangerous as they entail authoritarian measures which will crush individual liberty and social hierarch is desirable because the majority will benefit from the leadership of the few. Because conservatives prefer tradition they do not have any illusion that future times can eliminate imperfections of human arrangements, in contrast with their ideological adversaries. But the proposition that conservatism is rooted in a natural dislike of change is blameworthy as they have merged ahistorical patterns of individual behaviour in the Western culture with specific ideals about how the government and the society ought to be organised. Those who equate conservatism with opposition are therefore unsophisticated. A. O. Hirschman has defined three theses in which conservatives vindicate there position advocating tradition. The perversity thesis in which they warn for the opposite of the intended goal, for example; the bid for liberty during the French Revolution would lead to tyranny. The futility thesis, by which social engineering will never eliminate inequalities as it is impossible. And they warn for too high cost outweighing reform in the jeopardy thesis7. Therefore conservatism is best positioned as a device against unproven and thus false optimism. In Edmunds Burke's book, Reflections on the Revolutions in France in 1790 he claimed that historical experience is more reliable than abstract speculation. The society is a product of organic growth, according to Burke, accumulating the wisdom of generations rather than by impractical ideals. In this same context he advocated the age of reason, comparing the small ‘individual stock' with the inexhaustible ‘general bank and capital of nation and ages'. According to Burke the individual is sinful and react more often passionate than rational, prone to selfishness and mistaken judgement and therefore incapable of understanding the complexity of public interest. He warned against rationalism, a faulty judgement of individual formulation intoxicated with their capacity of abstract thinking disconnected from historical realities8. It is this disconnection of traditions what Burke shares with conservatives throughout the history. John Reeves who opposed to the natural rights advocated by progressive liberals in the late 18th century, because they rested on rational thinking. In 1872 Benjamin Disraeli blamed Whigs for abstract thinking fashionable in continental Europe, substituting cosmopolitan for national principles. And in the last century Michael Oakeshott depicted politics as an art of where to go next, not a science of setting up a permanent society. Wise politicians use tradition as experience to decide what to do next and are not concerned with ideals such as a classless society. He used the enfranchisement as an example; women were granted the vote not by logic but by their gradually improving legal and social status. Oakeshott defined therefore two types of knowledge, practical knowledge based on tradition and technical knowledge based on abstract thinking. 9 According to Oakeshott technical thinking is incomplete without practice through time; abstract thinking in pursuit of ‘loose metaphysical' thinking is therefore bound to fail. Clearly, conservatives have vindicated tradition to blame their adversaries of admitting to impractical rational schemes, but concluding that the heart of conservatism lies in traditionalism would not be sustainable. The conservative tradition has shown us that they do sometimes admit to idealistic speculation. While Disraeli blamed Whigs of ‘loose metaphysical' speculation, he himself referred to an idealistic ideal of the feudal society to dismiss the capitalist market system and to provide social assistance. But also liberal conservatives have been prone to support dogmatic schemes in order to achieve the political formulae they believed consists out of the ‘sound' conduct. Those Thatcherites have also put aside Oakeshotte's notion of art, as they knew where to go next. And the New Right broke with tradition as they advocated radical change. This implies that conservatism does not advocate tradition per se and therefore stands for something as they have an image of a sound political order, which determines their attitude to social change. It is the essence of this sound political order which is not clear; there is no future plan which they pursue, perhaps because conservatives do not believe in utopia10. If the conservative standpoint to established institutions distinguishes a set of principles contrasting other ideologies, this would imply that both strands are in pursuit of the same ‘sound' political conduct, but using different means. Or, although the two strands hold contrasting views on society they ought to be in pursue of the same ends. As mentioned above the paternalist strand used the feudal ideal to provide social assistance for the poor since Disraeli. Harold Macmillan who presented ‘the middle way' as an updated expression of this ‘one-nation' ideal as a means to attack the increasingly growing inequalities between two nations, the rich and the poor. The providence of welfare in 1954 was presented by R. A. Butler in a conservative manner; the Disraelian approach to modern politics did not require conservatives to abandon their traditional vindication of inequality. Disraeli provided us with inspiration and he cautioned us †¦. We should seek to secure greater quality not by levelling the few, but by elevating the many'. The modernised Disraelian strand became party orthodoxy until the 1970's and created a consensus between the major parties over social Welfare. When the liberal strand took over from the collective strand as the mainstream of the British Conservative Party some fundamental differences became clear between the two strands, like the disagreement over the responsibilities of the powerful and the justification of wealth. 1 When collective conservatives talked about decent housing and adequate welfare they often cite Disraeli when urging the aristocratic ethos of noblesse oblige to be adapted in modern conditions. The collectivists felt morally justified to distribute money from the rich to the poor. Which does not mean liberal conservatives did not have a morally justification for their approach to social assistance. They feel that a competitive market is just as it rewards individuals reflecting the diversity of human talent and it nurtures habits of prudence and self-reliance. For liberal conservatives poverty is related to skill and effort, when you give provide welfare you create therefore an environment in which they do not have to work. Another justification of an unfettered economy is that the rich, people with special talent, create wealth which will eventually triples down to the poor. In this sense the rich are creators of prosperity instead of plunderers of the poor. In this same context they justified the distribution of power and wealth. This is in contrast with the collective strand who justifies wealth and power on social breeding of the elite. Common to these strands is the acceptance of inequality and the social obedience of the majority to firm leadership. 12 The arrival of Margaret Thatcher did not only underline these disagreements over justification and distribution of wealth and power, but was a departure from the paternalist strand in general. Many people would argue that the New Right represented classic liberalism instead of conservatism ends. Keith Joseph denied that there was a break with traditional conservative thinking. As long as institutions, culture, conservative responsibilities and political practices were recognisable or at least would be recognisable in the near future, conservatives could be tolerant. According to them conservatives could no longer be confident that this was so by the ends of the 1970's. In these circumstances conservatives had to advocate in a reconstruction of a social, economical and political order in an attempt to restore lost values. 13 But it is the advocacy of a free-market economy what causes contradiction. Hayek, one of the leading neo-liberalist thought, himself wanted to link the free-market with the reason of test of time, which is in principle incompatible. When you support an unfettered market system you will have to accept the spontaneous outcomes it produces and accept any regime which survives, which is in contrast of Hayek's refusal of certain institutions and mechanisms such as income distribution. The explanation of Hayek's refusal is his particular use of tradition. 14 Without this he would be dependent on the outcome of the market. It is his use of spontaneous which is misleading. Although Hayek describes the social order to be spontaneous he probably means that the outcome of the innumerate individual decisions is spontaneous. The social order is constituted out of decisions taken, influenced by tradition and practice. Society is spontaneous as social order comes from within the society, which sits ill with the notion of evolution. According to the evolution theory the society is the result of social arrangement which have survived15. The incompatibility in Hayek's notions of tradition and the spontaneous market was underlined by people like Letwin. Those liberal conservatives claimed that there was a clear distinction between the free market theory and Thatcherism. Whereas classical liberals favour the spontaneous outcome of the free market in both economical and social sphere, liberal conservatives distinguishes them. The economic consideration of Thatcherism is secondary to the programme of moral regeneration. The extension of ownership promotes rather than reduces traditional continuity in families. Private ownership of properties gives families the opportunity to hand on property which provides them with continuity. Thatcherism was a programme for radical change in many areas but recognised the importance of tradition in other contexts, attacking ‘entrenched' institutions rather than traditional ones16. In this sense Thatcherism is in a direct line with conservatism. Other people find the connection between classic liberalism and conservatism illogical. Liberal conservatives accept much of the teachings of the laissez-faire theory and yet they insist on nationality and a strong state. In a free market system boundaries constrain the economy and are therefore harmful rather than desired. In principle markets ignore social and cultural differences between individuals and nations. A strong state is desirable as it preserves competition within the economy and encourages individual to participate and to buy private property17. When Letwin proclaimed that private ownership promotes continuity in family life, the influence of paid labour was not taken into consideration. The new Right stimulates structural changes of the economy in which demand and supply determine paid labour. The contradiction in the neo-liberal thought is damaging. On one hand they encourage market competition with detraditionalisation effects, and on the other hand they proclaim to promote the very traditional symbols which it also helps to dissolve and which are held as essential for social solidarity, like the family. Conservatives like Oakeshott, do not belief that market institutions can prosper in an autonomous way; this would namely imply mechanisms of thrust18. Thrust can only be protected by law to a certain extent. Norms and values are part of a wider nexus of social institutions not inherent in economical contracts but in tradition. Accepting the market as an autonomous mechanism which produces endless economical growth also contradicts with the conservative acknowledgement of imperfectability. According to most forms of conservatism humans have often wrongly tried to encompass the world with rational and abstract thinking, which is why they preferred tradition. The New Right does accept Imperfectability in the social sphere and beliefs that the government is incapable of economic planning, but see the market place as a frictionless machine. According to the New Right their doctrine flourished because they had discovered flaws and failures in the organisation the collectivist and socialist had supported after the Second World War19. These problems could be solved by letting free markets flourish and by renewing the core of moral institutions such as the state and the family. The most obvious change of the New Right was the departure from Keynesianism. In the decades before the arrival of Thatcher in British government there was a consensus over welfare policy. Keynes' management of demand theory had controlled tendencies of capitalism towards cycles of boom and depression fairly well. This era, which is often referred to as a ‘golden age', was characterised with economical growth. According to some, Keynesianism became ineffective as a result of intensified globalisation and the transformation of everyday life. The Management of demand theory could not cope with the 24-hour international market which typified ‘new' globalisation20. Keynesian and other welfare programmes presumed a society with more stable lifestyle habits than are characteristic in contemporary 24-hours market economies. Unconstrained markets intensify globalisation which will lead to more detraditionalisation in social life and thus in the family. The New Right proclaimed that the family was central to their theory, but in the context of globalisation as positioned above this is certainly contradictive. As mentioned above conservatives use the notion of tradition in a particular way. The new Right has showed us that conservatism is not always opposed to radical change. According to Roger Scruton the radical change does not have to be a departure of the notion tradition21. Conservatives, he says, place faith in institutions which have been tried before and wishes to give as much as necessary authority to constitute an accepted and objective public realm. Authority is opposed to social contract and all other social arrangements based on choice; authority comes from the transcendent qualities of established institutions. Allegiance is what a member of a collectivity owes to authority. People relate to collectivities, but this is not determined by individual choice or conscious but by the socially and morally transcendent. Transcendence is also the core of tradition. Conservatives are therefore not concerned with any form of authority, but authority legitimised by traditional symbols and allegiance is not just a matter of belonging to some corporate body but it refers to an affiliation with organised groups based on tradition. Sructon also said that practices worth conserving need to have the weight of a successful history of something that has flourished. Such practices must have the ‘allegiance' and ‘authority' of their participants and must give a durable meaning to the emergence to be preserved22. These considerations, he says, rule out traditions such as torture, crime and revolution. This test of time is based on a sort of evolutionism in which symbols of traditions have survived through time interpreted for their social function, which is at least suspicious and certainly does not explain the position of conservatives to tradition. The objective distinction which separates the quality of tradition with habits, customs and Oakshott's notion of technical knowledge is that it is determined by and ritual or revealed truth which is also the origin of its authority. In this sense tradition is not embedded in the practice but in certain rituals transmitted by guardians of tradition such as priests, wise men and respected elderly. The past is therefore essential for tradition, not because it must persist over an indefinite time but because it has to be passed on by practice, like in an apprenticeship23. In the past decades in which globalisation and thus detraditionalisation had intensified preserving tradition has become more like fundamentalism. Fundamentalism is nothing more than securing tradition with traditional means, according to Giddens, as it asserts its ritual truth without moral and cultural communication in conditions where traditions are under challenge24. This is potentially dangerous as it excludes social groups within the cosmopolitan society. The New Right, then, proclaims to be linked with conservatism advocated by people like Burke and Oakshott but is better to be viewed as radicalism in pursuit to preserve and restore institutions they value. My conclusion, therefore, is that the two strands of conservatism are incompatible.

Media Influences on Social Norms and Health

Media’s Authority on Illness: Messages the Public learn In today’s culture, the media influences many aspects of daily life. For the purpose of this research the media will encompass television, newspaper, magazines, and internet and the messages learned from these outlets relating to illness. In addition, investigating how people in power authoritative the messages portrayed on the media outlets and the agenda behind the messages. The people or organizations that influence the media have a big impact on the way we learn or feel about illness.Human beings can come to accept most anything that is repeated on the news, published in magazines, and said by people of influence. People in power will include, for the purpose of this argument, those with credentials, self-help â€Å"experts†, and funding agencies for specific illnesses. The media and people in power control what the public learns about illness. Moreover, publicizing illness when there is a finical gain o r what socio-economic group suffers from the disorder or illness. According to Brumberg (2000), anorexia nervosa was a relatively unheard of disease until the 1980s.Today it is so commonplace that women will see a friend who has lost weight or looks skinny and refer to her as â€Å"looking anorexic. † If this disease was only labeled as anorexia around thirty years ago how did it explode into mainstream culture so quickly? There are a number of different arguments to pose: elite women from Ivy League universities took interest in the topic, the three most popular women’s’ magazines published many stories about the disease, and people of social status died from this disease (Brumberg 2000).Different diverse newspapers became intrigued and jumped on the anorexia bandwagon, even including pictures of gauntly women on the covers claiming outrageously high numbers of women that now have this disease (Brumberg, 2000). It is also important to note that nearly all of th e anorexia sufferers were white and came from rich families (Brumberg 2000). These girls coming from wealthy families obviously had the money to pay for treatment and doctors. It is possible that their families ran in circles with doctors, scientists, and people that have social status to make powerful decisions.These decisions generated media attention leading to the general public being flooded with movies, documentaries, and news broadcasts (Brumberg 2000). If these affected by this new disease of anorexia were poor and underprivileged arguably the public would not have learned about anorexia and it might possibly not exist today. Like anorexia, the disease of fibromyalgia did not exist as a labeled disorder until the mid seventies (Barker 1999). Remarkably now six million Americans are diagnosed a syndrome which did not exist thirty years ago.Self-help literature and the internet is one of the biggest facilitators in generating information to the public as well as funded organiz ations (Barker 1999). According to Barker (1999) fibromyalgia is characterized by many different symptoms and it can present itself differently for every case. Interesting enough during interviews Barker performed with twenty-five women only one woman had not read self-help books, but she relied on information from her support group leader to learn about her syndrome (Barker 1999).Debatably, these women may have never learned they had a syndrome, lived their lives without media messages, and possibly saving money, time, and heartache dealing with this new diagnosis. By looking at the new diseases of fibromyalgia and anorexia it is clear that the media and people of influence taught the general public about these illnesses and facilitated there widespread exposure, but how does the media choose what messages to deliver and what messages to keep away from the general public.Clearly, anorexia was a disease of wealthy, attractive girls which could make a good story, generating money for the news outlets, doctors, and pharmaceutical companies. In addition, fibromyalgia could generate the same type of financial gain for doctors and medical companies, but are these the only motivators for the media and powerful people. According to Armstrong, Carpenter, and Hojnacki (2004) who constructed a study about whose deaths matter in America with attention to the mass media and the same motivators were congruent with the results they found.Consistent with powerful people controlling messages in the media, Armstrong et. al (2004) discovered that celebrities and members of Congress become involved with different diseases promoting attention and consequently leading to these promoted diseases appearing on national media outlets. For example, when Karen Carpenter died of anorexia it brought many celebrities together to publicize anorexia teaching the public the importance of treatment for anorexia (Brumberg 2000).The media claims that the diseases they cover are those that affect the general population but ironically the people that dictate what these general population diseases are, consist of the influential people and those with credentials (Armstrong et. al 2004). During Armstrong et. al (2004) study they also discovered that the media is more likely to cover diseases that affect white people than black people, even if a disease is killing many more blacks than whites. Mass media focuses more on the color of someone’s skin and social status than the mortality rate of a certain disease or illness.This absurdity can also be seen not only with what the media covers, but with what they choose not to cover. From the 1960s to 1980s black men in Harlem had a lower rate of survival than men in Bangladesh (McCord and Freeman 1990) and this was not publicized or put on any major media outlet. If white men had a lower survival rate it would have been all over the major news headlines because of their socio-economic status and control towards the media. The unequal coverage of media attention because of issues of power, race, and money in turn condition the general public’s perception about illness.Even people that are educated and intelligent many times cannot control being manipulated by the media to go along with messages they are delivering. What’s more is if the doctors, celebrities, and powerful funding companies are not endorsing an illness, therefore the media does not cover it, the general public will not ever hear about it. Surely, if anorexia suffers would have been black women with low socio-economic status the top women’s magazines in the country would not have published stories, news broadcasts would have been non-existent, and quite possibly anorexia would only be known to few and not a mainstream disease.Diseases that affect minority groups draw far less media attention and Armstrong et. al (2004) theorizes that it stems from predominantly white broadcasters and media executives. Furthermore, specul ating that media workers would rather focus on illness that affects their particular social class and group (Armstrong et. al 2004). This theory continues to support the argument that the people in power are working through the media to control the messages the public learn about illness and disease.Organized advocates, research scientists, and politically active organizations also have a high investment in messages the media relays to the public. Advocates call great attention to their cause threw drawing on media attention and aligning themselves with politicians that support their cause in accordance with the policy goals of the politician (Armstrong et. al 2004). It is a win for all involved; the politicians get the media coverage they want for their agenda, again sending messages about illness in a political format.People in power and the media have an enormous function in controlling what messages the public learns about illness. There are many different reasons they want to c ontrol the messages humans take in through various types of media outlets. Facilitating their own social group, money, and political gain are just a few addressed in this argument. The mass media, controlled by powerful people decide what illness they want the public to learn about and often times it has more to do with race and status than how many people are actually suffering or even dying from a disease. ReferencesMcCord, C. & Freeman, H. P. (1990). â€Å"Excess Mortality in Harlem. † New England Journal of Medicine, 322:25 p. 173-177. Brumberg, J. J. (2000). â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa in Context. † Fasting Girls pp. 10-21, 33-42 264-267. Armstrong, E. , Carpenter, D. & Hojnacki, M. E. (2006). â€Å"Whose Deaths Matter? Mortality, Advocacy, and Attention to Disease in the Mass Media. † Journal of Health Politics and Law 31:4, pp. 729-772. Barker, K. (2002). â€Å"Self-Help Literature and the Making of an Illness Identity: The Case of Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) . † Social Problem 49:3, pp. 279-300.

The Risky Us High School Behavior, Drug Abuse and Alcohol Impairment Essay

The Risky Us High School Behavior, Drug Abuse and Alcohol Impairment - Essay Example The researchers randomized the two groups of the participants; the students were selected from the high school and screened for the driving license allowing the independent, uncontrolled and unsupervised driving activity. It was distributed 30 days before the period of the study and a survey for 15-week of the research carried out on the vehicle that served instrumental in the period. The parent provided the consent and the privacy of the participants and data protected by the certificate of confidentiality.The collected data or the demographic factors were analyzed using the multivariate sequential logistic regression. The treatment group provided the immediate feedback information of the green lights without the effect of the gravitational force as well as flashing lights after an occurrence of an event. The treatment group – lights plus received the feedback from the light only and the feedback sent by the parents indicating the risks and the score for the week.The events w ere not significantly different between the two groups and showed that the calculated measure of central tendency and measures of variation were higher in light plus group in relative comparison to the first group throughout the period. Lights plus group involved themselves in the few events. Thirteen percent of the sampled students were reported to drive while impaired (DWI) in the period of study. Evaluation and recorded events showed that 74% of the lights only group made the sharp cornering while 10% applied the hard braking.

Course Design Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Course Design - Coursework Example Following all the instructions as I have spelled out in either the assignments or in term papers is also important in order to do well in this course. Attendance is also a MUST and every student is expected to observe this without fail. As stipulated in the institution’s policy every student is expected to observe and maintain a high level of diligence while attending the classes. The course requires a lot of research and students are encouraged to work in groups to conduct the stipulated research and make the best inferences from the research conducted. Students are also encouraged to enjoy the learning experience and link the studies to their daily activities and situations to maximize on the learning objectives of this course. It is my belief that the students are well versed with the technological advancements that have been propagated by East Asia in the recent past. East Asia is leading in the amounts of products manufactured per year and therefore they are able to boost their economies accordingly. Am also assuming that every person has gone through the pre-requisite units before taking up this unit and therefore you are all well-versed with the background information and skills to pursue and take the unit. Research is an essential part of this course and I am assuming that all of you have learnt the research methods and are equipped with the skills to conduct a conclusive research on this course. I will facilitate the learning and give you ample knowledge on the unit so that you can take up and conduct the research on your own since I believe the best learning method is through involving the students in the learning process thereby making it more student oriented. Omvedt, G., Kelkar, G., & Asian Institute of Technology. (1995).  Gender and technology: Emerging visions from Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Gender and Development

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Assignment 3 - Essay Example Averys work is the springboard for everything from recombinant DNA work to human cloning to cancer research. It has been used as a basis for other experiments that do not merely change the host genetic makeup, but actually replace one gene with another gene, and this process has even further widened the implication of Averys work. Drug resistant bacterial infections have been stemmed in part because of the processes used by Avery, in which injurious agents are introduced into the drug resistant strains, and these injurious changes are passed down through the progeny. The implications of this work for every aspect of life, from the environment to medicine to crop engineering is explored within the confines of this paper. The basis for the studies were previous studies that induced changes in higher organisms that were permanently embedded and passed on to next generations as hereditary characteristics. The first description of this phenomenon is by Griffith, who transformed variant that was non-encapsulated and attenuated into a fully encapsulated and virulent cells of another type (Avery, et al., 1943, p. 137). The present study deals with an attempt to determine the chemical nature of a substance that produces transformation of the pneumococcal types. This experiment, in which a DNA fraction, which is isolated from Type III pneumococci, transforms unencapsulated R variants, which are derivated from Pneumococcus Type II, into a fully encapsulated Type III cells, builds upon earlier studies that showed that changes induced into various pneumococcal types is determined by the encapsulated cells that are used to evoke the reaction (Avery, et al., 1943, p. 152). The researchers found it striking that variants from a Pneumococcus Type II are changed into Pneumococcus Type III cells by the addition of highly purified and protein-free material that consisted mainly of DNA. Also striking is that the capsular substance and the substance

Leading and motvating the team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report - Case Study Example New homes built on traditional practices cannot improve the general respiratory health of occupants. Further, well executed energy retrofits have led to improvement in self rated health and ensures that occupants have reduced visits to general health practitioners (Tassos, 6). Energy efficient devices are important to low income families because the income they save in using efficient energy sources can be used to by food, afford medical care and health insurance. Weatherization assistance programs are important in saving energy bills. In addition, they also ensure that there is a reduced water cost (Tassos, 7). Energy Efficiency and Renewable in Home Retrofits reduce the production of contaminants that can harm the health of occupants. Some of the contaminants that harm the health of occupants include carbon monoxide, mold and mist. Efficient energy home retrofits improve ventilation in rooms, reduce moisture and condensation, increase safety, improve thermal comfort and ensure that residents live in a comfortable environment (Tassos, 14). Conventional energy upgrades are dangerous to the occupants. Homes without measure put in place to ensure that there is adequate flow of air can affect the indoor air quality. The risk factors associated with poor quality indoor air include asthma, allergies and other respiratory complications. Efficient home energy retrofits reduce the water heater temperature to 120 degrees. This ensures that energy is saved and reduces the risk scalding (Tassos, 12). Saving on the energy use in homes requires the use of specific technology such as the properly designed and executed home energy retrofits. These home retrofits also ensure that green house gases are not emitted into the atmosphere. Investing in the use of efficient home energy retrofits will help in the implementation of healthy housing best practices in order to meet the objectives of energy

SPITCEROW MODEL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SPITCEROW MODEL - Essay Example At this time, 86 of 88 Russian Federal subjects committed to 1992 Federation Treaty (Turkish Weekly 1). This separated the power of the local and federal government. However, Tatarstan and Chechnya were not part of this agreement. Later, Tatarstan bowed to the agreement leaving Chechnya alone. This was followed by declaration of full independence form Moscow in 1993 by the Chechnya (Turkish Weekly 1). This resulted into a conflict, and Russia invaded Grozny that was Chechen capital. There were many civilian causalities including over 5000 children. On 11 December 1994, Russian forces from the ground towards Grozny launched an offensive. This happened with some discontent form the Russian military and government. The main cause of the war prior to the 2009 North Caucasus Insurgency was more of a secessionist conflict rather than ethno-nationalist, religious one (Turkish Weekly 1). In fact, Islam was a part of the Chechen identity. The first party is the Chechens. They have remained opposed to Russian authority since the late 18th century. This happened as Russia expanded to areas already under Turkish or Persian authority. The other party is Russia and more specifically Russian military. This has led to conflict due to political decisions and stand by the leadership in authority. Three issues relate to Chechen. They are statehood, international involvement, and equal rights. On the other hand are the Russian issues. They include renunciation of the demand for a separate state, the Chechen disarmament, and the ceasefire. The other issue at hand is the natural resources in Chechnya, and the religious tensions especially between largely secular or Christian Russians and Muslim Chechens. The rebel leaders are sometimes successful in pushing the Russian armed forces out of their vicinity. This was evident as from 1996 to 1997. The Russian army counters this especially after the rebels cross into other regions of Russia, as

Rule Developing Experimentation and Its Use in Marketing Research Paper

Rule Developing Experimentation and Its Use in Marketing - Research Paper Example   It means with a very little effort a huge target can be achieved. There need be motivation and interest to adhere to it. RDE helps in yielding high dividends. RDE can be implemented for not only consumer good companies but also B2B companies. RDE is nothing new, but Alex Gofman and Howard R. Moskowitz, have exhibited the essence of it very nicely in their book. Importance is given to the development of items that are not yet well known in the market, but that will be highly acceptable. RDE is a solution-oriented learning experience. The customers help the manufacturer to design and create a new product, which has come to the market after it is produced through rigorous research and development programme. â€Å"It is systemized solution-oriented business process experimentation that designs, tests, modifies alternate ideas, packages, products or services in a disciplined way using the experimental design so that the developer and marketer discover what appeals to the customer, ev en if the customer articulate the need, much less the solution.†(Alex Gofman & Howard Moskowitz, 2007) At the outset, it was made use of for product optimization and then message optimization for advertising, promotions etc. Applications of RDE are there in any field that involves human choices and decisions, for example, social science, public policies, the stock market, crisis communication management etc. 1) Identify the free offer that accompanies the main product. For example, take the case of credit card. The offer may be with respect to Annual Percentage Rate (APR). In the case of others, there may be rewards, monetary benefits or discounts. The structure of RDE grants higher success than any other method. It is accepted that the seven steps are given above clearly make the consumer understand the problem and arrive at the proper solution.

The Beveridge Report of 1942 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Beveridge Report of 1942 - Essay Example These payments were recommended to be used to pay benefits to the poor and unemployed. In this way, the Beveridge Report argued for a universal welfare system where the care of people will be the responsibility of the state. Such a welfare system was never suggested before in the country and therefore this particular recommendation holds great value in history. In the Beveridge Report, it was also recommended that revolutionary measures were required to solve problems that were in front of the country. The report also called for an end to â€Å"sectional interests† (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 7) and argued for a system that treated everyone equally. The report recommended that it was time to grow past philosophy of inequality and to treat everyone equally. This was another ponderous recommendation of the Beveridge Report. The report also called for a health care system of a public nature that will offer free health service to all the citizens of the country (BBC, 1942). This was also a unique recommendation given in the report. Such a system had never been proposed by anyone in the country before. Another important recommendation of the Beveridge Report was that there should be a balance between the role of state and the individual citizen. The report made it clear that it was not arguing in favor of communism as it acknowledged the right of an individual to earn more than that is required for him and his family (Beveridge Report Executive Summary, 1942, 9). This was another important recommendation that differentiated the reforms suggested from communist ideas. A person was free to live an economic life but had an obligation towards the state in the form of insurance payments and other payments, in the return of which state promised free health care, unemployment, and other necessary benefits.

Racism against black people Essay Example for Free

Racism against black people Essay Slavery in the United States began after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in 1865. The American colonies were established with the idea of freedom and liberty to all but has change into racism. Now, racism against African Americans in America has been a huge problem in the south. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865. The 19th century saw a hardening of institutionalized racism and legal discrimination against citizens of African descent in the United States. Although technically able to vote, poll taxes, acts of terror (often perpetuated by groups like the KKK) and discriminatory laws kept African Americans disenfranchised, particularly in the South. During this time, segregation, racial discrimination and expressions of white supremacy all increased, as did anti-black violence such as lynching and race riots. Racism, which had been viewed primarily as a problem in the Southern states, burst onto the national consciousness following the Great Migration, the relocation of millions of African Americans from their roots in the Southern states to the industrial centers of the North after World War I. This took place particularly in cities such as Boston, Chicago and New York (Harlem). In northern cities, racial tensions exploded most violently in Chicago. The 1950s and 1960s saw the peaking of the American Civil Rights Movement with the desegregation of schools in 1954 and the organizing of widespread protests across the nation under a younger generation of leaders. Martin Luther King was a catalyst for many nonviolent protests in the 1960s, which led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act prohibited discrimination in public facilities, in government and in employment and invalidating the Jim Crow laws (which mandated segregation in all public facilities, with a separate but equal status for black Americans and other non-white racial groups) in the southern United States. It became illegal to force segregation of the races in schools, housing or  hiring. This signified a change in the social acceptance of racism that had been written into American law and an increase in the number of opportunities available for people of color in the United States. However, African American poverty and education inequalities continue and have deepened in the post-industrial era.

Advertisements Define Females Beauty Standard Media Essay

Advertisements Define Females Beauty Standard Media Essay Advertisements in women magazines has became active when marketer realised the purchase power of women, Marchland, 1985 suggested that in 1920s female purchasing power took over 80 percent of the whole consumer purchases. That was because the gender role of female at that time was home orientated, they were responsible for familial expenditure. As time changes, when the market of home orientated product got saturated, marketing then stereotypes women interconnected with sexuality. Courtney and Lockeretz suggested four general stereotypes of women were presented in print advertisement: A womans place is in the home; women do not make important decisions or do important things; women are dependent and need mens protection; and men regard women primarily as sexual objects (Courtney Whipple, 1983 pp.7). The beginning of media influence on beauty standard The advertising agencies referred women as General Purchasing Agent, as purchasing agents, women could command respect for exhibiting qualities previously honoured primarily in men-capacities for planning, efficiency, and expert decision making (Marchand 1958 pp.168). The G.P.A has became a corner stone of advertising in the field of female market, during this period advertising often adopt the theme of successful woman gain social acceptance and social approval through employing or consuming a particular product. McEwen suggested in 1976 that, from the field of social psychology, advertising agencies have employed the belief of the social self as a principle technique in advertisements by defining what was socially approved and what was not. During the phrase of social acceptance, the media portrayed the role of women as being responsible for broadening their social and intellectual interests as well as maintain youthful in order to be a modern companion for their husbands. They needed to preserve their youth so that they could beautify their husbands lives and keep pace with them during evenings of dancing and the theatre (Marchand 1985 pp.175).The importance of being self conscious of body image and appearance has been introduced through media, especially with the reinforcement of advertising in the late 1920s. In the middle of her mechanically engineered kitchen, the modern housewife was expected to be overcome with issue of whether her self, her body, her personality were viable in the so cio sexual market that define her job. Advertisements used pictures of veiled nudes and women in auto-erotic stances to encourage self comparison and to remind women of the primacy of their sexuality (McEwen 1976 pp.179). The idealised female images in which portrayed in media has always been changing, so is the standard of beauty perceived within the society. The media provides idealised body images of women by providing role models or examples of attractive women, for example, catwalk models and actresses. In which, audiences could compare themselves with the idealised body shape or appearance. The idealised body shaped has changed from being voluptuous and curvaceous in the 1940s and 1950s to being busty and narrow-hipped from the late 1960s through the 1980s (Straight 2005 pp.2) The reason of which the idealised beauty standard has always been changing was because companies need to create an unsustainable beauty standard to ensure targeted consumer will keep purchasing different goods to maintain satisfied with their appearance. Freedman, 1986 mentioned the beauty ideal was impossible to achieve and this could lead to feelings of inadequacy. The feelings of inadequacy were often fed by cosmetic and diet product manufactures, in which the primary objective of their advertisement campaigns were to persuade women they could improve their imperfections only by consuming their products. However the effects of media have on audience can vary due to individual differences. Audience with different personalities, pass experiences and social context interpret the messages of the media differently, in addition, different medium also provides different influence for audience, and for example, the influence of advertisement shall be strongest among the mediums, because the principle of advertising is to influence audiences behaviour and value. Ethical issues with advertising influence The internalization of an attractiveness ideal and a perception of body dissatisfaction may serve to mediate the relationship between media exposure and disordered eating (Stice et al, 1994). Media Awareness Network journal reported over three quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message on how to alter and improve womans bodily appearance by cosmetic surgery or diet. The ratio of diet ads in mens and women magazine is 1: 10, in which the ratio of eating disorders in men and women is identical. This indicates a relationship between exposure to diet ads and eating disorders, however gender differences may also affect behaviour. Theories of media influence on beauty standard Social comparison theory A theoretical model using social comparison processes can be offered to explain how exposure to the socio-cultural thin and attractive ideal leads to increased body dissatisfaction (Heinberg and Thompson, 1992; Smolak et al, 1993; Thompson et al, 1991). This theory suggests that individuals make upward comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. It also takes individual differences into account, for example, the differences in regard of self-esteem. Mintz and Betz, 1988, conducted a research that shown female college students who felt dissatisfied with their bodies image were more likely to conform to the stereotyped body presented in the media as attractive. This theory suggested that social comparison does not only occurs through comparison with images in the media but also with social group, e.g. friends and families member. The studies of social comparison often reported positive correlation between social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Schema theory Self-schema theory envisages body images as a mental construction rather than an objective evaluation (Markus, 1977). A self schema is an individuals mental perception of the way they are. This mental presentation has established over time mainly through pass experience of what others labelled or referred them in a particular way. For example, I am attractive or I am skinny. These kinds of attributes are taken into account in self concept and self esteem. Schema have been defined as cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from pass experiences, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individuals social experience (Markus, 1977 pp.64). According to Markus, 1997, schematics constantly evaluate stimuli that are relevant for their body weight. Media images are one of the stimuli that trigger new schemas. The buyer decision processes According to Nicosia, F. 1966, a consumer decision making process involves five stages traditionally, which are problem recognition, information search, evaluate of alternatives, product choice and outcome. Problem recognition occurs when consumer realises a significant difference between the consumers current state and the ideal state he/she desired. The consumer sees this as a problem and requires a solution to solve, when the problem has been recognised, consumer will need adequate information to resolve the problem, in which the consumer will enter the information stage. There are briefly two kind of information search, the internal search and the external search. Internal search begins when consumer search alternative product from prior experience and his/her existing knowledge on a particular product and its alternatives, external search is when consumer gathers informative from external cues, for example, friends and advertisements. Finally, the consumer will enter the stage o f evaluation of alternatives. The buyer decision model are often used in advertisements, taking the Rimmel Mascara commercial 2007 as an example, the commercial started with Kate Moss ( the famous model) putting on mascara while a male narrator saying the more you put on, the sexier you are. The commercial intend to show differences between the audience current and ideal state of desire by showing the image of Kate Moss with the Rimmel Mascara on. By using a model that majority regard her as attractive, this create an upward comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. This could refer to the social comparison theory. The Rimmel Mascara also offered a solution for the problem, the commercial emphasis the more Rimmel mascara the audience put on the sexier they will be. The positive reinforcement shows the cause and effect of the Rimmel mascara and this increase the likelihood of conformity. Industry background Advertising industry The United Kingdom advertising industry was worth over  £16.5 billion in 2001. There are estimated 600 agencies in London and 20 agencies among the 600 agencies are full service agencies. Agencies can be categorized as 5 distinct types of agencies Creative agencies Media agencies Direct marketing agencies Digital/online agencies Full service agencies Role of the agencies Creative agencies work on behalf of clients, develop creative ideas for an advertising campaign. Media agencies consults clients on where, when and how to spending advertising budgets. Direct marketing agencies provide clients direct and strategic communication with the target audience, for example, direct mail. Digital/online agencies profession at digital communication. For example, search engine marketing. Full service agencies combine all the services of creative, media, direct marketing, digital/online agencies. Research questions and objectives Aim To explore the methods and strategies that advertising agencies use to influence womens perception of beauty standard. Research question Which methods and strategies used my advertising agencies are more efficient to stimulate womens conformity to the presented beauty ideal? Objectives To discuss the methods and strategies used by advertising agencies to influence female beauty standard. To compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by printed advertisement. To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty. Research methodology Research approaches Deductive approach Deductive approach is employ when a researcher develops a hypothesis that can be tested by a research strategy. Inductive approach Inductive approach is employ when researchers collects information and develops theory as a result of information analysis. Research strategies There are mainly seven research strategies that are being used in business researches. Experiment. Questionnaire. Interview. Case study. Action research. Grounded theory. Ethnography. Archival research. Sampling Statisticians have proved the larger the sample size, the nearer its distribution will be to the normal distribution, statisticians also suggested that a sample size of 30 or more will be more likely to result in a sampling distribution for the mean that is close to normal distribution. Stutely, 2003 suggested a minimum number of 30 for statistical analysis provide valuable rule of thumb for the smallest number in each group of the overall sample. Therefore the sampling size of my primary research will be 30. Strategies for my primary research Experiment Experiment is a classical form of research that owes much to the natural science, although it features strongly in much social science research, particularly psychology. The purpose of an experiment is to study casual links; whether a change in one independent variable produces a change in another dependent variable (Hakim, 2000). The experiment strategy concerns the relationship between two variables, it is often used in explanatory or exploratory research to find out why and how questions. The experiment usually takes place in a strictly controlled situation, for example, laboratory to eliminate threats to internal validity. However, whilst the strictly controlled situation enhances the internal validity, the external validity is often hard to establish, as the controlled situation is often not a real life situation. Strategies for my secondary research Multiple source secondary data Multiple source secondary data will be an amalgam of both documentary and survey secondary data. It will take account of books, journals, articles, newspaper and previous research. The secondary research will be used to cover objectives below. It will be a mixture of qualitative (theoretical) and quantitative (numerical) data. To discuss the methods and strategies used by advertising agencies to influence female beauty standard. To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty. The reason of using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative date is to produce that can be statistically analyse to identify relationship between variables and to have theoretical data to support my research. How the experiment will be conducted The experiment will be carrying out in order to fulfil objective two. (Compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by advertisement.) The reasons of choosing the age groups of 12-18 and 21-27 are because of the significant differences in cognitive maturity. Adolescents are also more likely to conform due to the high need of social acceptance. Hypothesis Adolescents are more likely to conform to the ideal beauty presented in the media. The sampling 30 participants in each age group. Participants selected by random sampling in central London. The experiment will be conducted under a controlled situation, for example, a conference room in London. Method The method below will be repeated in both 12-18 and 21-27 age group. Divide each age group participants into experimental group and control group. Both groups will be given a survey questioning how satisfy the participant feel about their appearance. Experimental group will be given 10 printed advertisements with attractive female before they answer the survey. The control group will not be given printed advertisements before they answer the survey. Compare the results of both experimental group and control group. Statistically analysis the result of both age groups. Resources Internet access for secondary data. Library access for secondary data. Experiment will be host in the conference room of my uncles office, in which permission has been gained and cost free. Excel software to analysis primary research. Printer. Financial resources Transport fees for participants involves in primary research. Additional cost for employing participants in primary research if volunteer participants could not be found. Budget 5 pounds transportation fee for each participant. Cost of employing participant will be estimated at 10 pounds each. Total cost = 90pounds.

Nestle: Quality Control Management

Nestle: Quality Control Management Since it began over 130 years ago, Nestlà ©s success with product innovations and business acquisitions has turned it into the largest Food Company in the world. As the years have passed, the Nestlà © family has successfully grown to include soups, coffee, cereals, frozen products, chocolates, yoghurts, mineral water and other food products. In the beginning in the 70s, Nestlà © has continued to expand its product portfolio to include pet foods, pharmaceutical products and cosmetics as well. Nestlà © wants to be known as a Respected, Trustworthy, Food, Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. All the actions are guided by a series of business principles. Market research showed that customers of Nestlà © have a genuine and growing interest in information about its brands. In particular, consumers want more information about what they eat and drink. They felt this information should be supplied as part of the product and they have the right to know it. So, in this assignment, we will discuss about the quality management of nestle. Quality management can be divided into three components: quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. In nestle, quality is the number one priority. Other than that, they also continuously improving their product, known as kaizen. The important of quality management to Nestle is to win customer trust and preferences, it everybodys commitment, strive for zero defects and no waste, guarantee food safety and full compliance. Thinking globally acting local What is Quality Management? Quality management consists of three main components. There are quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement. Quality management is the organization activities to ensure the product is achieving the quality requirement. Therefore, in order to achieve the quality requirement, the component in quality management is used to achieve it. Quality Control Quality control is a process of review the product or service to ensure that they reach a certain standard or requirement. From the above definition, we can say that the requirements will achieve by the done the organization activities in the process of products manufacture or services provided. To uncover defect, the organization need to monitor the standard, make measurement and take corrective action. Quality control (QC) is a procedure to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service meets the requirements of the client or customer. Quality Assurance Quality assurance defined as a tool in quality system to fulfilled quality requirements of product and service by planning and systematic activities. From the above definition of quality control, we can say that to make sure a qood quality of product and service, a set of procedures is used in the process. Besides that, this quality assurance tries to avoid and minimize the defect in process by improving and stabilizing production. QA is refers to a set of procedures intended to ensure that product or service under development before work is done to achieves specified requirements. Steps of Quality Assurance ØPlan: Establish objectives and processes required to deliver the desired results. ØDo: Implement the process developed. ØCheck: Monitor and evaluate the implemented process by testing the results against the predetermined objectives ØAct: Apply actions necessary for improvement if the results require changes. Quality Improvement Quality improvement is a continuous improving of quality in manufacturing goods or services. There are various models used and there is some quite often discussed which is: FADE PDSA Six Sigma (DMAIC) CQI: Continuous Quality Improvement TQM: Total Quality Management FADE There are 4 broad steps to the FADE QI model: FOCUS: Define and verify the process to be improved ANALYZE: Collect and analyze data to establish baselines, identify root causes and point toward possible solutions DEVELOP: Based on the data, develop action plans for improvement, including implementation, communication, and measuring/monitoring EXECUTE: Implement the action plans, on a pilot basis as indicated, and EVALUATE: Install an ongoing measuring/monitoring (process control) system to ensure success. PDSA Another commonly used QI model is the PDSA cycle: PLAN: Plan a change or test of how something works. DO: Carry out the plan. STUDY: Look at the results. What did you find out? ACT: Decide what actions should be taken to improve. Repeat as needed until the desired goal is achieved Six Sigma Another model for improvement is Six Sigma. Six sigma is a statistical method based on the quality control process to improve the product process and service. Six sigma refers to the statistical evaluation showed that the rate of 3.4 errors per million products. To complete the process of improvement, there are two model used in Six Sigma: DMAIC and DMADV. DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) also pronounced, as duh-may-ick is an improvement system by minimize the defect in quality of product process and service and looking for incremental improvement. DMADV (define, measure, analyze, design, verify) also pronounced, as duh-mad-vee is an improvement system used to develop new processor products at Six Sigma quality levels. Total Quality Management (TQM) TQM is a quality management process that change the whole organization based on customer oriented quality, continuous improvement, organizational involvement in processes and solving a problem in a team. This will fulfilled the customer requirement by producing the product and service, which exceeds the customer needs. In total quality management, the customer determines the quality of output. The output with the high quality will meet the requirement and expectation of customer. From managing outcomes to managing and improving processes there are shifting in focus: from what to do to how to do the processes better. Quality performance expands to include how well the relationship of each part to the process and each part of the process works. Also, process improvement focuses on continuously achieving the greatest potential benefit for our customers. Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) In improving the quality management, total quality management stress on a process of continuous improvement. Principles in the quality management, there are some of management principle that can be used as a guideline for upper management in improving organization performance. The are eight principles cover customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, process approach, system approach to management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision-making and mutually beneficial supplier relationships. Among from the 8 principles, we have chosen Leadership to describe in Nestlà © group. Principle : Leadership Leadership refers to the ability to influence people to achieve the organization goals and ability to create a climate of innovation and to think outside the box. Leadership also must have willingness to accept change and the ability to manage it. At all levels, members of the Nestlà © Management are more concerned with continuously adding value to the Company compared to exercising formal authority. A high involvement of each employee and a common mindset geared to results is materializing. Contributing to results through project work and special assignments becomes more frequent, reaching beyond conventional boundaries in order to contribute to wider group performance. All those issue that allows others to progress in their work and to develop their capabilities by their ability to motivate and to develop people. As well as a high level of interest in other cultures and life-styles there also curiosity and open mindedness. As well as to sharing knowledge and ideas freely with othe rs, this also includes a commitment to continuous learning and improving. Inspection Under traditional quality control, inspection of products and services, which is checking on the process to make sure that whats being produced is meeting the required standard and takes place during and at the end of the operations process. Nestlà © Quality Management of Nestlà © In Nestlà © group, they prioritized quality. There are over ten million people through out the world enjoying Nestlà ©s products each and everyday. Nestlà © conducts business on a global scale; everyone pays careful attention to the cultural bias and personal tastes of each country, because each food culture is based on the distinct characteristics of that particular region. However, it will not going to be too far in the pursuit of food safety and quality management. Nestlà © has attained a world-class level by applying Nestlà © Quality Management System to all their products. Nestlà © respects to all relevant laws and regulations of each country, but also implements their own independent high standards of total quality management throughout every aspect of the manufacturing process, from raw materials to end products, in order to consistently bring safe and quality products to consumers around the globe. Furthermore, they are continuously improving their products (KAIZEN) in the global network, which the headquarters of the quality management department in Switzerland, and through the performance of regular inspections that ensure their quality management system is functioning at the highest level. What is Kaizen? Kaizen (Japanese for improvement or change for the better) refers to practices on continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, supporting business processes, and management. It also applies to processes, such as purchasing and logistics that crosses organizational boundaries into the supply chain. By improving standardized activities and processes, kaizen aims to get rid of waste. After the Second World War, Kaizen was first implemented in several Japanese businesses influenced in part by American business and quality management teachers who visited the country. And now, it has spread throughout the around world. The importance of quality in Nestle Quality is the foundation of Nestlà © food, nutrition, health and Wellness Company Nestlà © strives to create value that can be sustained over the long term by meeting consumer needs for nutrition, enjoyment and Quality they can trust. Everyday, millions of people all over the world show their confidence in us by choosing Nestlà © products and brands. This confidence is based on our Quality image and a reputation for high standards that has been built up over many years. Every product on the shelf, every service and every customer helps to shape this image. A Nestlà © brand name on a product is a promise to the customer that it is safe to consume, that it complies with all relevant laws and regulations and that it constantly meets high standards of Quality. Each and every Nestlà © employee is involved in and dedicated to achieving high Quality standards for our customers and consumers. Quality is to win consumer trust and preference They are committed to offering products and services to their customers and consumers that meet their needs have their preference and provide sound nutrition. Nestlà © wants to win the trust of their customers and consumers by continuously listening to them by understanding their expectations and consistently satisfying their needs and preferences. Their customers and consumers are at the center of their attention and they recognize their legitimate interest in the behavior, beliefs and actions of Nestlà © behind brands in which they place their trust. Quality is everybodys commitment Demonstrates its commitment towards quality by practicing and living what they reach. All Nestlà © functions across their Value Chain are fully responsible for observing mandatory principles, norms and instructions for maintaining agreed Quality standards and for constantly improving them. Their quality personnel at all levels are the guardians of Quality Food Safety and Regulatory Compliance. They promote quality awareness, assess, performance, and challenge the organization to sustain and improve quality standards. They communicate their quality standards to their Business Partners who are expected to share the same commitment to quality and to meet their requirements consistently. Quality is to strive for zero defects and no waste They focus on facts and results and they strive for zero defect and excellence in everything they do. They adopt a no waste attitude and they constantly look for competitiveness and opportunities for continuous improvement of the Quality Standards delivered to their customers and consumers. They provide adequate resources equipment procedures and systems to ensure high quality standards. They build the necessary competence and technical skills. They develop training and teamwork that are crucial to the successful implementation of these standards and to the achievement of excellence and competitiveness. Quality is to guarantee food safety and full compliance They enforce full compliance with the mandatory standards and principals of their quality management system, which include Food Safety Regulatory and quality requirements in every step of their Value Chain. They measure their quality performance as well as the satisfaction of their customers and consumers by listening to them. Shortcomings and mistakes are analyzed and trigger an immediate action plan for correction and improvement. Their quality management system is aligned with international standards and full transparency is ensured through verification by independent external bodies. They strive for the flawless execution of their quality activities throughout their organization based on rigorous discipline on pro-activeness and on factual and open communications Quality Policy Intentions, direction and aims regarding quality of its products and processes in top management expression. Success is built by quality Quality is very important for their success. Nestlà © product has been chosen by millions of people in this world because they trust Nestle brand. This confidence comes from the quality image and a good reputation for high standards of quality that has been built up over many years by Nestlà ©. Every product, service and customer contact helps to build up this image in Nestle. Customer confidence that the product are safe to consume is based on the look of Nestle brand name on a product, that it complies with all regulations and that it meets high standards of quality. People, equipment and instruments are made available to ensure safety and conformity of Nestlà © products at all times. Companies with high quality standards are able to minimize the possibility of making mistakes, waste less time and money and are more productive. Therefore, quality is the most vital criteria and it is the key for Nestlà © to achieve success for today and future. Quality is a competitive advantage Nestlà © is a world brand and live in a competitive world and must never forget that customers have the right to make their choice. If the customers are not satisfied with a Nestlà © product, they are free to switch to another brand. For Nestlà ©s company goal, they want to provide superior value in every product category and market sectoring which they include in market to complete and promote they brand. The pursuit of highest quality of product at any price is no guarantee for success, nor is a single-minded cost-cutting approach. Lasting competitive benefit is gained from a balanced search for optimal value to customers, by simultaneous improvement of quality and reduction of cost. Quality is made by people Building quality needs adequate equipment, procedures and systems, including dedicated people. Each and every Nestlà © employees must be confident in doing his best to produce higher quality products and services. Therefore, training and teamwork are important to the successful implementation of high quality standards. Teamwork allows us to achieve results that are better than the sum of individual job or efforts. They motivate employees by demonstrating management commitment to quality, by setting effective goals and giving them responsibility and recognition. It is through employee involvement that mission of goal can be achieved in the shortest time. Quality is action Quality is the result of deliberate action. The senior manager is responsible to present the quality objectives and to provide the necessary resources for the implementation. It is then up to all employees to make provide quality throughout the company. Progress is followed by listening to our customers comment and by measuring nestle product performance. Shortcomings problem and mistakes must be analyzed and corrected. Problems must be expected and prevented before they occur. We also must identify and take advantage of opportunities to make sure stand still and will not fall behind or left out. Contend for continuous improvement for every Nestle product sell area. It is through every little improvements as well as through major breakthroughs that nestle will perform excellence. General Principle Of Nestlà © Nestlà © is more people, product and brand adapt than systems oriented. Nestlà © helps in building long-term successful business development and works hard to be a preferred company for long-term lead shareholders. However, Nestlà © does not lose sight of the necessity to improve short-term results and remains conscious of the need to generate profit annually. Nestlà © seeks to gain consumers confidence and preference and to follow consumer trends, creating and responding to customer demand for its products. Therefore Nestlà © is followed by an acute sense of performance, support and favoring the rules of free competition within a clear legal framework. Nestle is conscious for social responsibility, which is natural in its long-term orientation. Nestlà © is as decentralized as likely, within the framework imposed by fundamental policy and strategy decisions requiring to increasing flexibility. Operational efficiencies, as well as the group-wide need for combination and people d evelopment, may also set limits to decentralization. Nestlà © is committed to the concept of continuous improvement of its activities, thus they try avoiding more operatic one-time changes as much as possible. What is Standard? A document that established by agreement and approved by a recognized body that provides for public use and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the maximum degree of order in a given meaning. Standardization It refers to setting of fixed size, type and measurement in addition to quality of different products manufactured by different organizations in the industry. It is an agreement whereby each manufacturer undertakes to follow the set standards. Standardization is a proses of develop and agreement upon technical standard Level of standardization Industrial standards-which relate to the engineering requirements Commercial standards- which are of primary concerns for users who will use and bought the product. Industrial Standards An engineering or industrial standard is a desired description or definition of a product, a raw material and a manufacturing process, which has been established by one company or by a group of companies in an industry. Standards are undertaken by statutory bodies and authorities established by the government e.g.: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Director general of supplies and disposals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Research design and standards organization of railways. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Directorate for standardization for defense production à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Directorate of marketing and inspection Commercial standards A standard of commerce, also call consumer standard is designed to protect the purchaser or ultimate consumer or manufacturer. It is the measure of quality performance, dimensional characteristics It covers terminology, grades, sizes, and use characteristics of manufactured products. Agreement for establishing a standard may include method of listing, rating and labeling order that a product made in submission with the standard may be readily recognized by distributors and consumers. For example: NESTLÉ Pure Life materials are tested to relevant ANSI, ASTM , ISO 14001, 22000, and OSHAS certification and ISO standards to ensure durability. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) empowers its members to strengthen the marketplace in the economy while helping to assure the safety and health of consumers and the protection of the environment. American Society for Testing and Materialsis (ASTM) is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and service International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an international-standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations Standard and certification Food Drug Administration (FDA) is the regulating body in the field. With the Safe Drinking Water Act, which applies to all types of drinking water in the market, the FDA has sets specific standards for different types of bottled. So on the international level it will meets the standards set by FDA Certified measurement methodology- Global Environmental Footprint (GEF) To calculate Greenhouse gas emissions as well as water and energy consumption using methods that meets the recommendations of ISO quality standards. Environmental Standards-Environmental Act (1997) Try to ensure that at every stage of its operations, the environmental impact is minimal. Environmental Performances ISO 14001 ISO 14001, the internationally recognized environmental management system standard. Production Standards- LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design NESTLÉ Waters manufacturing facilities includes in measures to reduce energy use and gas emissions throughout the LEED Certification program. Note: Sources from http://www.slideshare.net Nestle Scheduling System NESTLÉ Scheduling System is used to prioritize and schedule production across manufacturing processes, machine capacity and labors resources. NESTLÉ Scheduling System automates clerical tasks and enables timely and consistent production scheduling. NESTLÉ Scheduling System enables forecasting and planning of manufacturing resource requirements and capacity utilization. This is to conserve resources, boost productivity and minimize production costs. ØNESTLÉ Scheduling System enables planning and tracking of manufacturing orders across multiple areas of processing. Ø Priorities for production scheduling are assigned for each processing area on each shift. This is to boost customer service. ØNESTLÉ Scheduling System enables different areas of the enterprise to centralize production scheduling information. Note: Sources from http://www.slideshare.net Superior Quality Water Superior Quality Water means implementing high standards to guarantee 100% safety and consistent taste to the consumer. Delivering Consistency production chain Since bottled water has a direct impact on human health because public will consume the bottled water, so it must meet the strictest health standards. The Food Drug Administration (FDA) is the main leader in this field in the United States. Together with the Safe Drinking Water Act, they sets specific standards for different types of bottled water which applies to all types of drinking water. This is to determine the maximum mineral and microbiological levels that the product must meet the quality tests that must be used. à ©par quality control As a world leader in the sector, FDA has their own quality criteria that apply to local regulations that are lacking especially in developing countries. In addition, FDA also fulfills consumers demand, whose demanded water with unique properties, which is achieved through a careful selection of underground sources so consumers may enjoy their natural mineral composition and unique taste characteristics. They also guarantee it is used in a sustainable way which undergoes no chemical treatments, with no disinfectants or preservatives added to it. Selective Origin When you choose water from Nestlà © Company, you know where the water youre drinking comes from. The majority of Nestlà © Waters comes from underground sources. Unlike surface water (lakes, rivers and streams), water from underground sources undergoes natural geological filtration that removes chemical pollutants and microbiological and viral contaminants. How effective this filtration is does depend on the aquifer, its geological characteristics, the depth of the water table and even the amount of time that it takes a drop of rain to reach it. In the case of the English mineral water Buxton, the journey through the underground stone takes nearly 20 million years. The original quality of the water and its ability to be preserved over time are very carefully monitored in their Water Resource department and carefully assessed whenever they consider using any new sources. But the absence of all pollution is only one of the aspects that Nestlà © Waters looks at when selecting water sources. Because every spring is unique from a geological standpoint, each one of their brands with its own origin has its own mineral alchemy, which naturally gives it its own taste. This distinctive characteristic constitutes one of the major criteria according to which consumers everywhere choose their water. Some prefer the light, fresh taste of a still water with a low mineral content; others prefer the mouth feel of water that is rich in minerals. Nestlà © mission is to provide a variety of waters with taste characteristics that best suit the taste of the local consumers. And, from one side of the earth to the other, just as from one individual to another, there are all different tastes! The sustainability of the water resources that they use is also a determining factor. Every source has its own flow rate, defined by the natural rate at which it fills up. Respecting the natural water cycle is a fundamental part of their business: the sustainability of their own activity depends on it. In order to remain a viable source, a spring must have a sustainable flow thats high enough to meet our needs over the long term, while also taking into account the needs of other possible users (agriculture, industry, local governments). For decades, they have managed the water resources that they control responsibly in order to preserve the natural balance, as can FVGCVFF be seen with Poland Spring, bottled since 1845, Vittel, since 1854 and Sao Lourenà §o since 1899. Purified water In some regions of the world, there may be a lack of natural underground water or simply a lack of good quality water in sufficient quantities, and there are therefore no sources that meet Nestlà © strict specifications. Thats the case in the Middle East and some regions in Asia and in America. In those cases and in order to provide superior quality drinking water to local consumers, Nestlà © Waters sometimes uses municipal water as its primary source. This water is processed through a series of filtration (reverse osmosis and carbon filtration in order to remove any chemicals that may be present, like chlorine,) and physical purification treatments (microfiltration, ultraviolet light, ozonation). Once it has been purified to meet their standards, they may add minerals back into the water to meet the local populations taste expectations and, where necessary, to provide essential nutrients (calcium, magnesium, fluoride, etc.). At Nestlà © Waters, water processed in this way is sold almost exclusively under the brand Nestle Pure Life. Depending on the local regulation and demand, the name distilled water, purified water or drinking water is clearly mentioned on the label of this type of products. In an effort to avoid any confusion for consumers, the communication for this type of water never includes any visual elements that could lead consumers to think it comes from a natural underground source, when it is not the case. High Performing Manufacturing Nestle does not carry out any heavy operations because their plants is different from other industries. Thus, their role is to bottle water exactly as its comees out of the ground in most cases. This operation is requiring the monitoring and quality control procedures to preserve the original quality and purify of the water to be implemented at every step of production. In order to avoid any pollution coming from inside their production sites, they kept the natural spring water that they used in a closed circuit and flows through stainless steel pipes and equipments. As the result, the automatic cleaning procedures of the water circuits meet the highest hygiene requirements. Certified by external Third Party Certification Bodies covering 80% of their plants, plus, ISO 14001, 22000, and OSHAS certification will be fully implemented in 100% of their plants by the end of 2010 through the strict application of the highest standards for quality, safety and environment. plastic bottles Nestle apply much stricter criteria to the composition of their water than the regulation required. Therefore, the quality of the water is controlled at every step of production through out sensory, chemical and microbiological analyses. For example, waters performs a quality test for about every 150,000 liters (40,000 gallons) produced, which is several hundred times more frequent than the major, national, public water suppliers do in the United States. For Nestlà © Waters, quality cant not only rely on the original quality of the water. Throughout the entire production chain, from packaging to the finished product, a battery of tests to guarantee that it conforms to the highest standards before it is sent off to consumers checks every step. All their production plants have their own laboratory, which allows them to carry out rigorous tests regularly. Some more elaborate tests, including a yearly verification of all quality parameters are carried out at their Nestle Waters Quality Assurance Centre in Vital in order to profit from the latest, most high-tech equipment there. Value chain Each step in this value chain could have harmful consequences if not managed properly. For example, without sustainable agricultural practices the natural resources of farms worldwide might be damaged. By embedding corporate responsibility in its business practices in this way, Nestlà © is

Dead Poet’s Society :: Film Movies

Dead Poet’s Society The film, Dead Poet’s Society, is a story of a English professor who instructs a group of eager boys in a highly accredited and traditional boys academy. Professor Keatings, played by Robin Williams, introduces his students into the world of poetry. Throughout the school year, the professor inspires the students to â€Å"seize the day† and make their lives extraordinary. A group of students gets swept away by their teacher’s enthusiastic spirit, and they decide to reorganize â€Å"The Dead Poet’s Society†, a select club which used to meet in a cave when the professor attended school, to experience inspiration through poetry. The inspirational impact he has on his students backfires when the school’s board of trustees finds out about the unorthodox teaching methods that go on in the classroom. One of his students commits suicide after the boy’s father, a very controlling man, rejects his son and his enthusiasm for acting and the stag e. Professor Keatings doesn’t follow textbooks or the curriculum, but teaches from his heart. Unlike his conservative colleagues, Keating employs decidedly unorthodox teaching methods and strives to teach more than just his subject matter, which is poetry. His goal is to inspire his students to suck the bone of life to the marrow, to seize the day and to make their lives extraordinary. In Keating's class, you learn passion, courage, romanticism, and, of course poetry. You pass if you avoid conformity and find your own voice, and you fail if you neglect to live life to the fullest. The impact that professor Keatings has on his students is eternal. His spirit will probably always live in his students’ hearts. Any teacher who is like Keatings is priceless. He wasn’t just teacher of academics but a teacher of life. I have had some teachers similar to Professor Keatings, whom I will always remember.

Glaciers Essay examples -- Ice Glaciers Essays

Glaciers As many people hear the word glacier they immediately think about the Titanic and how it sank because it ran into a glacier. What many people do not know is the history of glaciers. There are a couple different types of glaciers, for instance the type that the titanic ran into is a Tidewater glacier, which is a glacier that flows in the sea. There are also alpine glaciers which are glaciers that are found in the mountains, and there are Continental glaciers which are associated with the ice ages, and that covers most of the contnents at one time; including Indiana. Glacier ice is the largest amount of fresh water in the world only second to the oceans as the largest reservoir of water total. Glaciers are found on every continent except Australia. Glaciers are more or less permanent bodies of ice and compacted snow that have become deep enough and heavy enough to flow under their own weight. Glaciers require very specific climatic conditions. Glaciers develop where the temperatures are cold enough to allow the snow to accumulate and compacted. Most are found in regions of high snowfall in winter and cool temperatures in summer. These conditions ensure that the snow that accumulates in the winter isn't lost (by melt, evaporation, or calving) during the summer. Such conditions typically prevail in polar and high alpine regions. There are two main types of glaciers: valley glaciers and continental glaciers (Armstrong).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When it comes to the snow lasting ...

Dog Soldiers :: essays research papers

Dog Soldiers is a story laced with despair, paranoia, and several other not so fuzzy moods, and this quote from the main character elegantly demonstrates this mood. The tone of the book was a point of interest and displeasure for me, since this was one of my first experiences with total negativity, it was a fun struggle for me to understand the point or the necessity of such an angry mood. At the same time it made me very uncomfortable, sometimes to the point where I would have to stop reading for the day. There is a constant stream of action in this story, which makes it rather difficult to process what's going on as it happens. The story rarely drags and it is written so that it feels very real and alive. Slang terms are used often too, which are also hard to understand. But after the first few chapters it seems that most readers are able to get around this and start enjoying the fast paced style in which the book is written. This style also adds to the mood of panic and paranoia that encompass the entire book as Marge, Hicks, and Converse try to flee with their dope. Marge, Hicks, and Converse are the book's three main characters, and as the plot follows first Converse's activities and then moves back and forth between Hicks and Converse, these two main characters develop into very complicated people. Marge's character isn't delved into as much, but it didn't seem to be that she was usually thinking about much besides the next time she could get high. Some of the things Converse and Hicks did or said still baffle me, just like the characters that are a part of my real life. Because all of the characters are so weak and hurt each other with such frequency and carelessness, I found it hard to like them, but I liked the fact that not many stories center on people of such violent natures. I had to read Dog