Why Are Esl Students Left Behind Essay Example for Free

Why Are Esl Students Left Behind EssayAndrew Duffy and Grace Chen explore why immigrant students who speak English as a spot language face long odds in becoming high school graduates in North America in the following expressions Why ar ESL students left over(p) behind? and cellular inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate. According to a University of Calgary professor, Hetty Roessigh(1994), ninety-three percent of the ESL students who arrived as beginners in English were likely to return out from high school. (para. )Additionally, they face many obstacles such as dealing with the difficult language that they encounter in textbooks and cannot translate their academic ability into aright marks on written tests. (Roessigh, 1994, para. 11) In the article Why be ESL students left behind? written by journalist Andrew Duffy in 2004, he examines the exertion and effects of English as a second language in education. By having different perspectives of the captain res earchers of ESL studies as evidence, the author discusses the disadvantages that students faced. For every one of the ESL kids who makes it, thither be hundreds who dont. (Roessigh, 2004, para. 4)However, in the article Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate written by Grace Chen in April 7th, 2009 for the reality School Review website, discusses how to enhance ESL students learning and at the same time the public schools are coping with reduced funding due to the economic recession. The 2001 issue mandate, No Child Left Behind, required that all public schools help ESL students become proficient in English, as both native speaker and ESL students are mandated to meet State and National achievement standards.The Multicultural Education Journal) Nevertheless, when fifty percent of school-age children will have non-English speaking backgrounds by 2020, how do such programs mend ESL students English? While analyzing the article Why are ESL students left behind? I question the reliability because it is a secondary source that interprets and reviews the previous findings from the professional researchers. Supporting by Andrew Duffys proofs, it is serious that immigrant students who dissatisfy in school would not be able to please in the society. (2004).As a country, we cannot commit continuation of current practices, at the risk of under-preparing a large segment of our workforce for the 21st century. (Wayne Thomas and Virginia Collier, of George Mason University, para. 48) Simultaneously, the second piece of the article Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate is also a secondary source. Grace Chen (2004) determines the effect of the full inclusion system in California, where students are forced to engage in fluent English classes, even if they have never been exposed to the language before.Secondly, making connection with immigrants socio-economic status from the first article and the required additional funding mentioned from the second ar ticle, both of the authors have closely the same thoughts which are that the immigrants students need more additional supports. Andrew Duffy provides a strong correlativity between the socio-economic status and grades discover by Professor Gunderson which shows that refugees are mainly the people that needs the funding supports. Nevertheless, Grace Chen only discusses the funding that is need for the ESL students yet the use is unknown.However, neither of the authors expressed their viewpoints in the articles. While Andrew Duffy found evidences supported by different sides of university-level professors, Grace Chen did not give a concrete answer for the debate. Nobody is sure how the inclusion will work out yet they have already reduced funding for the ESL students. What is the best mount on behave of all the difficulties facing by the ESL students? (Grace Chen, 2009, para. 12) As a conclusion, regarding how to defend the needs of all students, I would say Why are ESL students le ft behind? is more correct than Inclusion or Exclusion? The ESL Education Debate. .

Patterns of Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Patterns of Behaviour EssayTo form a reaction the particles must collide in high speed. The faster the particles collide the more than than kinetic energy is produced. This produces a bigger reaction. There are five key uncertains that affect the rate of a reaction (in this case with a solid and a solution) Change in temperature An increase in heat energy within the particles leads to more kinetic energy. indeed there is more collision of particles and it increases the rate of the reaction. When we decrease the amount of heat energy, this bequeath evidently slow down the reaction. For example we slow down the operate of our food rotting by placing it in a fridge or a freezer.Change in intentness The concentrations of acids are classed in molars, so 2m would preferably a strong concentrated acid, 0. 5m would be a real dilute lightheaded acid and 1m would be in between the two. Also, the more concentrated the acid, the more particles it contains, so there is more of a ch ance for collisions. Change of particle size Increasing the surface area of the particles would lead to more collision. We do this by making the particles little. For instance peeling a large potato would not take as long as peeling four small potatoes this is because the smaller potatoes have a larger surface area for you to peel.Pressure (for gases only) Increasing the pressure would bring particles closer together so there would be more of a chance for collision. Catalyst A catalyst lowers the activation of energy required, consequently there being a faster reaction. The three variables we are choosing to expose which effect the rate of reaction in our experiments are Particle size Concentration Temperature Pressure was inappropriate to use as a variable, because we were not victimisation two gases and a catalyst was unsuitable to use for small quizs like these.I commend that the tests in changing the temperature result have the fastest successions, as the hotter a solutio n is the more the particles will move and collide, thus the rate of carbon copy dioxide being produce will be faster. I also think that the large particles test will take the slowest amount of time because of the lack of surface area and the reverse will occur with the test with power calcium change. Plan We will be running a various number of experiments to prove what effects the rate of reaction with calcium carbonate (marble chips) and hydrochloric acid. The match equation for these reactants along with the productsCalcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water Ca Co + 2 HCl Ca Cl + Co + H O When experimenting with the effects of the particle size we will use three sizes large marble chips, small marble chips and powered calcium carbonate. For the tests in concentration of acid we will use 2m, 1m and 0. 5m. We will use 50cc of hydrochloric acid in each test to guarantee precise results. Finally for the experiments with the changes of temperatur e we will be high temperature the acid using a bunsen burner for two temperatures 30i and 40i , then leaving the acid at room temperature (around 22i ).We will measure the temperature finishedly using a thermometer. These will be the only three things that we are going to vary, to explain what affects the rate of reaction. We will also only be testing one variable at a time. For example, in the test for concentration we will obviously be varying the concentration of the acid (0. 5, 1 and 2m) but we will be keeping the temperature and the particle size the same (room temp. and small marble chips). To tell us what actually affects the rate of reaction we will monitoring how fast carbon dioxide is given off. To find this out we will have a plastic basin containing water.A test tube measuring 10cc filled with water will be held upside down in the basin of water and a delivery tube will be attached to the beaker holding the acid and calcium carbonate and the other end will be positione d in the test tube in the water. We will use all the same apparatus to discipline everything is fairly tested and is accurate to the equipment we are using. As the acid reacts with the calcium carbonate, carbon dioxide is released. This will travel through the delivery tube and into the test tube. The test tube will fill up with carbon dioxides and the water will pushed out.We will be timing this with a stop clock. As the water descends to 1cc we will record the time, then at 2cc, again at 3cc and so forth. At the end of each experiment we should have 10 times recorded. For each factor, preferably of just performing the experiment once, we will repeat it three times to provide us with a more accurate end result. In wide-cut we will be doing 27 tests to show what effects the rate of reaction. Diagram To make certain that this method is good enough and to certify that it worked properly we will carried out a trail experiment. We used all the average variables for fair testing.So th e temperature was at room (22i ) the concentration not to strong or weak (1m) and the small marble chips. Trial experiment results 1 molar room temperature small marble chips Min/sec 1cc 141 2cc 315 3cc 446 4cc 613 5cc 735 6cc 903 7cc 1034 8cc 1156 9cc 1327 10cc 1433 The carbon dioxide was released very slowly in this test. It took over fourteen and a half proceeding for it to finish and this would not be practical because of the limited time been given to conduct all our experiments. It took so long, because we had only put one small marble chip in.There were no more calcium carbonate particles to react with the acid particles, so this had a dramatic effect on the time. On In each test we do we will always shoot for more particles than the amount we need, so there is excess calcium carbonate at the end to make sure it does not run out during the test. Because this was the get-go time we were trying the tests out we were a bit slow placing the bung on and maybe some of the carbon dioxide had escaped. To improve our main experiments to achieve accurate results we had to place the bung on as soon as we dropped in the calcium carbonate to make sure no carbon dioxide escaped.Results Concentration 0. 5 molar room temperature small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd Average Temperature Room temperature 1molar small marble chips 1st 2nd 3rd AverageAnalysis On the concentration graph the average of the 0. 5m results was looked very different compared to the 1m and 2m averages. Because it took the longest time to reach 10cc of carbon dioxide, the gradient of the line of best fit sloped very gently. The release of carbon dioxide started off very slow at the being. It took 130 minutes to reach 1cc, then the rate quickened and in 2 minutes 5cc of carbon dioxide had been given off. On the graph the gradient in those two minutes steepened. The rate slowed down after that and the release of carbon dioxide was gradual and steady.

Explain the origins of the term BRICS

Explain the tunes of the term BRICSSubmitted byFull Name(s) IsabelFull Surname Rodrguez RodrguezTHE ORIGINS OF THE BRICSIntroductionJim ONeill coined in 2001 a unused acronym that could little terror the established world order after the Cold War suggesting that four emerging economies will dominate it by 2050. These countries are Brazil, Russia, India and China shaping the invent BRIC and, from 2011 South Africa, added an S to the term and becoming BRICS. The aim of this es give voice is to bring the reader closer to the creation of this aforementioned stave off so discussed in the medieval decade. I will argue that although in the beginning could be understood as a term merely associated with investment in the countries mentioned above, it had been changed into a block of cooperation with a common objective have a stronger voice in the worlds politics. In the first paragraph, I will explain the origin of the term BRIC by Goldman and Sachs, in the second I will do a brief anal ysis ofthe first upside of the group and the relevance of it and finally, in the third one I will argue that BRICS are non only meant for condescension but also politics.DiscussionThe term BRIC appears for the first cadence in 2001 to refer to the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China in a paper called Building Better Global Economic BRICs2 written by Jim ONeill and publish by the American investment bank Goldman Sachs. In the text, Jim ONeill argues that we cannot underestimate the countries mentioned below because those will be the future world powers. These countries were selected because its impressive economic growth, and then they will be crucial in worlds GDP. According to the author, China and India will become the suppliers of services and technology while Brazil and Russia would do the same for raw materials. In fact, even in the much pessimistic scenario (extrapolating the growing rate of 2000 in future years), in the following 10 years, the BRICs w ould fall out a 12% in worlds GDP, pushed by China that will be the fifth largest economy in the world. For this reason, BRICs must have more representation in international forums and reach a representative voting, in special in G7 (Germany, Canada, United States, France, Italy and the United Kingdom) suggesting that they should change in a G9 in order to guarantee a correct representation. Two years later, in 2003, Goldman Sachs published another paper called Dreaming With BRICs The track to 20503 claiming that BRICS would have a big GDP than the G6 by 2050. However, the BRICs hypothesis has critics that claim that the term was created to foster the emerging countries as solid economies for long-term investment through a new classification from right developing countries to BRIC in the same way that is more attractive to say Asian Tigers than the name of the four countries themselves.4 Even the acronym suggests the image of a brick solid, compact and heavy that it is aligned with the title of the first above mentioned paper. The title of the second paper Dreaming with BRICS the path for 2050 also suggests that readers imagine the potential value for the emerging economies of BRICs5. It sharpens the interest of Goldman Sachs in their own business, that its sell monetary services. Probably we will not know for sure if it was just a way to promote their products of emerging countries, but is it undeniable that it was used as a catalyser for the economies involved.6Although the Goldman Sachs paper was published in 2001, the first BRICs summit was not held until 2009 in Yekaterinburg (Russia), disrespect the dialogue started in 2006 in New York7. It was attended by the leaders Lula da Silva (from Brazil), Medvedev (Russia), Singh (India) and Jintao (China). It is relevant the year, in the middle of the financial crisis they needed to show strength, stability, and confidence as President Lula claimed We stand out because in recent years our four economies have shown robust growth. mass between us has go up 500% since 2003. This helps explain wherefore we now generate 65% of world growth, which makes us the main hope for a swift recovery from global box (Lula da Silva 2009). It is not difficult to understand why even if we would think the forecast of Goldman Sachs was not realistic it was highly relevant the first summit if we consider the data of the countries involved. initiative, in that location are big countries, they represent the 40% of the surface area of the world and lastly, there are in strategic positions. Second, there are countries with dense population, in fact, they are the largest countries by population having a 50% of the worlds population. Third, regarding economics there contribute with a 22% of the worlds GDP, being relevant the impressive growth rates, especially the case of China that did reach almost a 15% of growth in 20078. It is also to cozy up the third summit in Sanya (China) in 2011 in which Sout h Africa joined the BRICs, adding an S to the acronym and becoming BRICS.However, we cannot forget how different these countries are, as a matter of fact, they do not even share the same political ideology and they have some very diverse perspectives on topics such as nuclear weapons. Then, why would they want to cooperate? Cooperation creates less dependence of the West in terms of trade, especially because they were no longer indulgent with the previous agreement of the World Trade Organization that shows the influence of the United States and European Union9. Cooperation also promotes the trade between the members, in 2001 was 21 million dollars in contrast to 280.000 million in 2014, it is to say that the trade rose more than 13 times.10 Also, together they have much more bargaining power to balance the hegemony of the West, the representation on the financial initiation such as World Bank or International Monetary Fund is very low11. In fact, the reform of the IMFs quotas in 2 010 could be visual perception as a direct success for the BRICS although it became effective in 2016.12 Others scholars believe that the real goal of the BRICs summit was a call for cooperation between the countries due to the similarities of their issues (poverty, wellness care or food security) that is to say the transition towards a middle-income status.13 It is undeniable that the relationship between them is at least singular because they think that the BRICS is meant for cooperation and not for conflict, the direct principles are non-interferenceand national sovereignty14. For instance, Brazil did not criticise Russias annexation of Crimea showing to the world a united front15. As evidence shows it is much more than an intra-cooperation, the Russian president said The global problems cannot be effectively solved without the involvement of the BRICs countries16 which give an idea of the political relevance that they wanted to achieve. The advantages of cooperation are not jus t relative to trade but also politics.ConclusionThe BRIC was an acronym coined by Jim ONeill to refer to the emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. Although there is evidence that the term could help to promote financial products, it was also a catalyser for the economies involved. Although it took 8 years for the idea behind the BRICs to make true and another two years to became BRICS with a capital S stand up for South Africa, the five countries have impressive figures in terms of population, GDP and growth which lead to a very successful cooperation. Despite that they do not share some core values (for instance, ideology) they cooperate showing to the world a united front thanks to the principle of no-interference. Together, they have the tools to promote trade between them but also to reach more bargaining power in order to balance the West in worlds politics. The BRICS is not only a coalition for promoting trade or discuss domestic issues but also a way to make sure that their voice is heard.1 duty assignment RequirementsEach participant is anticipate to take a 2,000 word essay.The written piece should include a rigorous analysis of key issues raised and their hardness the text should be clear, readable, and follow standard academic publishing conventions, including appropriate quoting, footnoting and bibliographic referencing.Your essay can contain around 10% more or less words of the required word counting, i.e around 100 words more or less than 2000.The following is a suggested put that you are expected to useFont type and size Arial at 11 pointLine spacing 1.5Alignment Fully justified.Prior to typing in/pasting the limit of your assignment on page two of this document, please ensure that your text has been formatted in accordance with the above requirements as you wont be able to format it within this document.Prior to submission, please name the finalised and formatted document in accordance with the following pattern Surname N ame Module 1 Final Essay, e.g. get-up-and-go John Module 1 Final EssayThe deadline for submission of written piece is Thursday 23rd March before 1700.Please submit your assignments via LSE GDP 2017 Custom Programme Moodle webpage.2 Jim ONeill, Building Better Global Economic BRICs Global Investment Research, Goldman Sachs, 2001 Available at http//www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/archive-pdfs/build-better-brics.pdf3 Dominic Wilson, Roopa Purushothaman Dreaming With BRICs The Path to 2050 Global Investment Research, Goldman Sachs ,2003. Available at http//www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/archive/brics-dream.html4 Leon Wansleben, Dreaming with BRICs, Journal of cultural Economy 6, no.4 (2013) p.4 inside10.1080/17530350.2012.756826.5 Ibid.6 Ibid., p.67 Oliver Stuenkel, Emerging Powers and position The Case of the First Brics Summit. Asian Perspective 38, no. 1. p.3 http//vex.com/vid/amerging-powers-status-brics-summit-494287502.8 Data IMF. World Development Indicators Ac cessed 10 March, 2017 http//data.worldbank.org/datacatalog/world-development-indicators9 Zaki Ladi, BRICS soverignity power and weakness International Politics 49, no. 5 (2012) 614-32., p.5 doi10.1057/ip.2012.17.10 WTO database Datos Comerciales y Arancelarios Accessed 10 March, 2017 Available at https//www.wto.org/spanish/res_s/statis_s/its2015_s/its15_highlights_s.pdf11 Michael Cox, Towards a BRIC world? Lecture, London School of Economics Custom Programs, 7th march 201712 Stuenkel, Emerging Powers and Status p., 213 Stuenkel, Emerging Powers and Status p., 1114 Pedro Morazn et al., The role of BRICS in the developing world p., 5 (Luxembourg EUR-OP, 2012)15 Stuenkel, Oliver. Why Brazil Has not Criticised Russia over Crimea. The Norse Peacebuilding Resource Centre. https//www.files.ethz.ch/isn/180529/65655a04cd21b64dbcc9c8a823a8e736.pdf.16 Oliver Stuenkel, Brics And The Future Of Global Order Lanham Lexington Books, 2016.

Employment And Gender Equity Sociology Essay

Employ ment And sexuality Equity Sociology EssayIntroductionAlthough there is a significant progress that has been achieved to gender impactity in the labor market over recent decades and women argon moving steadily into occupations that have been close for men and have managed to over become the institutional discrimination that keeps them from definite jobs that hinders their c beer development, still there be many obstacles remain and rooted in the way that the practice itself is organized or in the ch each(prenominal)enges that face women who generate to reconcile work and family commitments or for cultural and religious reasons that have social / cultural and anthropological aspects. Women are still concentrated in the most arrhythmic forms of work and still far reaching from getting equal working opportunities, facing the phenomenon of glaze ceiling which hinders them to get into high positions. Women worldwide have achieved high levels of reproduction than ever before and represent more than 35% of the global manpower in cc71.The majority of top watchfulness positions in almost all countries are in the beginning held by men while female managers are holding displace management positions with less(prenominal) authority than men. It is something goes beyond just raise differences. Although women in general may be less emphasis on career success than men, but there are right smart huge modus operandi of professional women seeking top management positions and are unable to get them. Women seeking top managerial positions levels face large measuring rod of challenges and may fix on different skills to be successful in the work place than their male counterparts. The causes are varies depending upon the size of the brass instrument, level of management, and requisite job duties.Gender mainstreaming has been go underd2as a subprogram of assessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, polici es or programs, in any area and at all levels. It is a strategy for making the concerns and experiences of women as well as of men an integral part of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programs in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit as, and distinction is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal of mainstreaming is to achieve gender equality. Gender mainstreaming is a synthesizing concept that addresses the well being of women and men. It is a strategy that is central to the interests of the whole community. Although men and women are entering the labor force in equal numbers and qualifications, but the majority of top management positions still belong to men, and women share of management positions remains unacceptably low.Perception of Gender RolesIn 1960s-1970s, liberation movement has helped in changing the semipublic perception of traditional gender pieces. The introduction of the comprise Employment Org anization, Affirmative Action, and Discrimination Laws helped shape public awareness. Although economic aims between men and women have become more similar over time, land up differences are still prevalent and tensions still exist in the work. In the United States in 2003, the most significant difference between men and women in the workforce is between Hispanic men and women 76% to 56% and the lowest difference is between black men and women ( single 6% difference)3. There is a huge amount of theories explaining why sex differences exist, but most can be categorized in fend foring either a nature or nurture theory. Those that support biological factors argue that people behave as they do because they are biologically male or female. Those that support the nurture approach view social-environmental factors as influencing behavior and believe that biological sex has very little to do with how people behave.What comprise sex discrimination?Article 11 of the Committee on the Elimi nation of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), states that appropriate measures should be taken to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of usance in order to ensure, on the basis of equality of men and women. The US Civil Right Act of 1964 provides strong protections against sex discrimination4. In modern societies, skilled women have the power, right and faculty to deal with every field engaged with men including, employment, athletics, academics and politics without sex discrimination. Unfortunately, there is a fundamental nature all around the world to keep womens salaries lower and opportunities fewer in the employment realm. Less common, men besides can be subjected to unlawful sex discrimination regardless the shape and form it takes. unbalanced establish and discriminatory job standards on the basis of sex discrimination are prohibited by law. Unequal treatment on the basis of sex is the core of sex discrimination. Separate rest rooms, does not constitut e sex discrimination, but it is sex discrimination to provide different working conditions, salaries, hiring, promotion or bonus criteria to women and men. Everyone, men and women has the right to secure and perform their jobs free of unwanted demands for romantic or inner traffichips, or unwanted communications or behaviors of a sexual nature that interfere with their ability to work.Another form of unlawful discrimination is the workplace harassment. It is not enough for employers to offer his women and men employee equal pay and opportunities they must also remedy any sexual harassment situations that are known such asHarassment of lower-tier employees by a manager or administrator of lower position.Sexual harassment among coworkers. Harassment involves unwanted sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or corporeal lend of a sexual nature.Make sexual conduct a condition or term of employment, to base employment decisions on such conduct, or to permit sex ual conduct that unreasonably interferes with an employees work performance or creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive work environment.Offensive or rude comments, unwanted touching, displays of sexual objects or photographs, or offensive cartoons or drawings may constitute sexual harassment when they interfere with an individuals work performance.Is there a real limitation on women employment capabilities?The role of men and women in the society is clearly segregated. This division of role is part of division of labor. Unfortunately the nature of division of labor between men and women became too firm and continued to persist when it was no longer appropriate. The initial division of labor between men and women was primarily influenced by the child mark role of women and their lower average of their physical strength. These differences in characteristics have not changed and the importance in division of labor becomes marginal.The most important requirements for most import ant jobs are mental capacities that both men and women have. With changing technologies and social structure, women are not tied down to the home to the same extent for performing their child bearing role. Changes in economic structure and culture have greatly clipd the importance and need for domestic duties. Therefore, most of the jobs today can be equally carried out quite well by men or women. For some jobs, it can be performed better by women because of their thin fingers and other jobs can be carried out better by men for it require heavy or physical manual labor.Women continued to encounter obstacles in first getting employment and advancing in jobs although of the change in the reality that women become equal to men. These obstacles can be referred to two main reasons.Women were not encourage to acquire the precept and skills that are needed to do many jobs.There was a cultural resistance in certain societies against women carrying out many of the jobs performed by men. Thi s resistance came not only from men, but from women too, describing them as unladylike.Women employment situation today has considerably modify and these obstacles are no longer serious enough to be a significant barrier for women with a little determination. Ascendancy of so many women across the world occupying senior most position in government and business, including as prime ministers of countries and chief Executives officers of large corporation is a testimony to this fact.The Glass Ceiling and its CausesAlthough women are entering the labor force in large scale, but they cannot reach top managerial level positions that oppressed by men. About 70 percent of women and 57 percent of men believe that an invisible barrier, the glass ceiling (a term coined in 1986 by the Wall Street Journal), prevents women from advancing to top positions5.There are varied causes of the glass ceiling. Some refer the causes to self-imposed by some women for choosing for example to work fewer hours than men in order to spend more time with their families. Women measure their success in the workplace differently than men while men tend to measure success by high salaries and important job titles whereas women place a higher apprize on their relationships with colleagues and community service. Others refer the glass ceiling cause in organizations to the good old boy network when deciding who to advance in these organizations, women are a lot not even considered.The majority of employees in any companies or organizations have a life outside the office. These companies or organizations that are called family friendly organizations bonk this fact and introduce to their employees options such as flex-time, onsite child care, employee-assistance programs, and telecommuting to set aside them to have a better chance to accommodate and balancing their home and work lives. But the problem lies in fact that some employees have no children, no family obligations and do not want to wo rk in a family-friendly organization dislike their organization offering services that do not apply to them.To determining what employees want in the work place is to determine how people define career success. Men and women use different types of measures when determining what makes a career successful. Men focus on earnings, promotional opportunities and success while women focus on positive interpersonal relationships and feelings6. There are also difference between men and women in their career gaps. Women not like the men in regards that they are more likely to take a leave of absence and work a part-time job. Organizations need to adopt a culture that bequeath allow them to stay competitive but also allows their employees to maintain a balance with their lives outside of the office. Employees should take advantage of work-family programs offered but women may feel reluctant to take advantage of these programs as they feel it may lessen their chance for success within the comp any.Extensive travel is another issue that women must face when considering executive jobs within an organization. Women have to find a solution on how to balance and accommodate family and work life and deal with doing business in countries like Saudi-Arabian Arabia as an example that might not be as receptive to women in top positions. Although that video and teleconferencing has given companies as well as managers on the top of the companys hierarchy the ability to offer alternatives to extensive travel but they leave behind not replace face to face meetings for relationship grammatical construction and contract negotiations.Great efforts were made by women to knock on the glass ceiling but have not quite broken through it yet. It is true in high business companies where women represent less than 10% of executive positions7while they were represent almost 50% of worldwide workforce. This concludes discrimination due to hiring practices. Women will continue to push towards brea king the boundaries of their employment discrimination until companies recognize the value in securing a diverse work force. The glass ceiling may not be shattered for some time, but there are more holes in it than ever before.Gender Inequality in the EconomyAround 200 million women worldwide have managed to find jobs in the last decade. In 2007, working women were 1.2 billion and men 1.8 billion but still the number of discharged women increased from70.2 to 81.6 million8. If equitable and sustainable progress is to be achieved, womens status must be improved, their rights must be respected, and their contributions must be recognized.Women freedom has improved and has more power than before. However, they are still disadvantaged not receiving the full rights compared to men in virtually all aspects of life. Women, in developing countries in particular, often lack the education and skills necessary to gain employment in more lucrative sectors. The reasons can be summarized to the f uture(a) categoriesCapacityGirls likely are less than boys enrolled in primary school and less likely to attend irregularly or not at all. If gender gap exists in primary school, it widens dramatically when it comes to secondary and higher education.Girls and women are vastly overrepresented among the worlds illiterate. Women are less likely to receive professional or vocational training once employed, significantly contain their chances at promotion and success.Even when resources are made available to women in the form of microcredit and help with starting small businesses, business management practices are not generally taught. Most women-owned microenterprises do not experience change stateth beyond subsistence level.Access to ResourcesWomen have not much access to resources necessary to start and grow businesses.Divorce, inheritance, and land laws often discriminate against women and girls, robbing them of valuable capital and property. Without capital, women are often unable to obtain credit, an absolute necessity of business transactions. Decision-MakingWomen often lack of ability to act as their own agents of change and improvement.Women are often underrepresented in positions of power and influence, and are less likely to be able to effectively obey and protect their interests. Women lack accessibility to informal channels of power and influence. firm ResponsibilitiesWomen are generally responsible for the majority of unpaid work associated with care of the home, children, and the elderly.Household responsibilities thus take away from the time women have to spend in paid employment, whether full-time or part-time. This reduces female earning power and economic status.Norms and StereotypesEven when laws prevent official employment discrimination, the participation of women in a diverse range of jobs, gender inequality may still result from cultural norms, stereotypes, and traditions.Economic body process cannot be separated from the socio-cultural context occurred from families to communities. Values, norms and attitudes shape both hiring and job-seeking choices are made by men and women alike that serve to economically marginalize many women. Muslim women are not permitted to leave the house while western women strive to balance traditional motherhood with work.Policies to enhance gender mainstreaming at workplace recruitment policies or processes should be the same, clearly written and phrases not to discriminate employee on the basis of race, color, national, ethnic origin, gender, religion, disability, etc. Non discrimination policy encompasses the operation of any work programs or activities. The law is the authority that protects anyone from being directly or substantiatingly discriminated9. Direct discrimination would include treating somebody differently and less favorably than others on the bases of gender, indirect discrimination that would include rules and working regulations within the workplace that advantages males against females or vice versa.Anny Human Resource Manager in any organization, recruitment process ordinarily has three stages Announcement or advertising, selection criteria and interview, and appointment. Before creating recruitment policy, a considerable and well thought -out approach is needed rather than trying to set about issue on an ad hoc basis. Employers should take in consideration the following recruitment principles before formulation a recruitment policyTo be objective in identifying necessary skills and qualifications of the post candidate that will be able handle the job.Avoid any discriminatory language or implicationsRemain open-minded.In the announcement stage, it is unlawful to publish any advert that might be understood or hold an intention of discrimination against applicants from a particular racial group or sex. Gender neutral language must be selected and used. If the post title denotes a specific gender, it is necessary to state that application wil l be welcome from either sex. No graphics, style or expression indicate tendency to recruit a specific gender or race. It is of preponderating importance to encourage applications from all categories of the community through including an equal opportunities statement within a job advert. Sex and race are not the only areas of discrimination, but disability, religion, belief, sexual orientation, marital status and age are grounds on which a person may not be discriminated against during the recruitment process. plectron criteria and interview should be related to the requirement of the post. Employers must be clear, precise and objective in their selection. No assumption as to stereotypical requirements for the job. Because of job criteria requires physical strength, it does not mean to exclude female candidates from the selection process. Employer should consider individual wish to work on part-time basis if he or she could ensure the required job. A covered refusal will negativel y allude one gender and might raise complaint for indirect sex discrimination. If the selection process falls down on the basis of gut- feeling selection, more than one person carries out the interview to ensure that discrimination do not affect the selection process.In the appointment process, some employers use system of points to remove subjectivity from the process. Job is not necessary to be offered to individual with highest points but if it is offered to who did not score higher points is discrimination with no satisfactory explanation. No legal obligation to tell applicants why they have been unsuccessful, but many employers committed to equal opportunities which enable them to explain to the candidates why they were not selected. This approach will reduce the likelihood of a claim for discrimination being made and demonstrate the objectivity and openness used in the appointment process.Gender equality promotes the equal participation of women and men in decisions making. S upporting gender equality can reduce the gap between womens and mens access to and control of resources and the benefits of development are still out of reach for most women worldwide. Women continue to have fewer rights, lower education and health status, less income, and less access to resources and decision-making than men. Nevertheless, womens critical roles in food production, income generation, and management of natural resources, community organization and domestic responsibilities are essential for sustainable development.Gender Mainstreaming and Development effectivenessIn the new conceptualization of poverty reduction, access to livelihood resources, capabilities building, security against vulnerability and equality of gender have come to be viewed as one integral process of the national plans of macroeconomic and social policies to promote growth and reduce poverty10. Scholars have identified the following dimensions of poverty11+12Lack of access to labor markets and empl oyment opportunities and productive resources.Lack of access to capabilities and public services as education and health.Vulnerability to economic risks and to public and domestic violence, as well as constraints on mobility.Lack of representation/potency, being without voice and without power at the household, community and national/international levelsGender mainstreaming introduced changes that were community sanctioned and supported, precisely because they provided identifiable and visible benefits for the house hold and communities such as improved health status, expand primary school adjustment or both girls and boys, increased harmony in households and community , greater integration of children into community life etc.. Gender mainstreaming has integrated women more fully into communities in ways that enhanced their status. Instead of withdrawal from the house hold and separation from the community, gender main streaming increased womens opportunity, collaboration and contr ibution to the family and to larger community.Hence, gender mainstreaming quietly challenged long held cultural traditions and practices that ruined individual and community progress. Moreover, embedded in gender mainstreaming is a flexibility that enabled individual and communities to embrace the process at their own level of comfort and need. It dealt a direct blow to poverty, leaving in its wake a change that was desired, positive, purposeful, community driven and sustainable. Gender mainstreaming encouraged total involvement of all and became the driving force for development effectiveness.ConclusionSince the start of the womens movement, changes in social acceptance of gender equality have been primarily due to changing perceptions among women and men themselves. Gender concept must be truly understood to be promoted effectively. It is neither an easy nor a straight frontwards process. It requires efforts to reduce gender inequities, whether they favor men or women. A true und erstanding to gender approach would eliminate gender gap, on the basis that no gender inequality is good either for individuals or the society as a whole. Gender interventions should not stop at gender equality it should promote positive synergies that will act throughout the social system as generators of development. Gender equality should be seen within a dynamic system of relations embedded in a development process that seeks to empower its actors.The spread and enforcement of equal opportunity laws have lessened institutional discrimination and add considerable impact on the awareness of populations. Working women have become characterized by more continuous labor force participation. Women have entered many of the professions previously reserved for men, and their earnings have become an essential part of household income. They enjoined the choice for being independent earning that allowed them decide send their children, especially girl children to school. Womens economic emp owerment emerged as key gender mainstreaming benefit and opened opportunities for womens participation in community development activities, with potential for their emergence as positive force in local and national politics.

Adolescent Depression: Causes, Effects and Treatments

Adolescent Depression Causes, Effects and TreatmentsTeenage DepressionUrooba FatimaDepression is defined as a medical condition in which a person feels very sad, hopeless, unimportant and is often un sufficient to live in a normal way (Merriam-Websters online Dictionary, n.d.). In 2004 al unmatched, it was reported that 11.2 part of teens suffered from belief (Depression in Children and Adolescents, n.d. para.1). Symptoms that boyishs tend to show when suffering from natural depression be difficulty with relationships, loss of interest in hobbies, persistent sadness, feeling of hopelessness and the feeling of guiltiness and/or worthlessness. in that location are galore(postnominal) possible results that stem from depression, such as suicide, nerve center abuse and alcohol abuse. For various reasons, wad fail to take in that studyity of the youth in the U.S suffer from depression. People in todays society need to spy the severity of depression and provide emend treatment s for their youth.In the past, people did not believe that children and adolescents could go through depression, only if today teens show so numerous signs of depression that it is impossible to ignore. By the time 11 percent of adolescents turn 18 years old they live with at least bingle depressive episode (Merikangas, n.d). One of the leading comes of disability in Ameri keisters is major depressive episode, tally to the World Health Organization (Merikangas, n.d). The reason depression in adolescents has been ignored so long is that it backside be very difficult to tell whether an adolescent is showing symptoms of depression or just going through a phase (Depression in Children and Adolescents, n.d). Before reaching adulthood about 20 to 30 percent of adolescent perplex one major depressive episode. 25 percent of adults who suffer from depression, started to show signs of depression in their adolescence (Schwarz, 2009). By 2020 depression will contend with heart disease as the health disorder with the highest disease burden in the world.(Reuters, 2011)Depression in adolescents canister be caused by many things but three of the main factors are genetic causes, biological causes, and environmental causes. Genetic factors are traits that you whitethorn inherit from your parents (Definition of Genetics, n.d.). Some examples of genetic causes are adolescents with a relation who is or has been demoralise is more likely to get depressed. The most common types of depression that runs in the family are bipolar depression and severe major depression (Kim, n.d). However just because depression runs in ones family does not mean that he/she will suffer from depression. Depression can withal come near in adolescents who do not brace a family history of depression on that point has been a great deal of inquiry that has been done to determine a biological cause, and after many years, researchers have concluded that depression may be caused by abnormal deli very of key neurotransmitters (chemical messengers to the brain)(National Institute of Mental Health, n.d). There are many neurotransmitters that can cause depression but one of the most essential neurotransmitters is serotonin. Serotonin is a chemical that helps deliver signals from one domain of the brain to the former(a). Serotonin is also important for the well-being feelings, imbalances in the brains serotonin levels can cause depression (National Institute of Mental Health, n.d).environmental causes are the influences that one may have from social and cultural that shape a persons life.There are many environmental causes that may summate to depression, such as the loss of a loved one, a traumatic event in ones life, and big changes in ones life (Healthline Editorial Team, 2012). Events such as these can cause a person to start feeling hopeless. However some research states that getting depressed because of traumatic or stressful event is because that person already has depre ssion. According to Dr. Nassir Ghaemi most people never suffer from depression after a major life event (Ghaemi, 2012).Another environmental cause that can cause depression is bullying. Bullying is the ongoing physical or emotional victimization of one person from another person or a group of people (Bullying and Depression, n.d). Bullying can cause the victim to suffer from low self-esteem, and can also cause suicidal thoughts. People assume that only the child being bullied will suffer from depression in their life, but what they do not produce is that the bully is also at high risk of suffering from depression and suicidal thoughts (Klomek, Sourander, Gould, 2011).In the 1950s and 1960s doctors had started fashioning a link between food and depression. Today we know that certain foods have a relation with depression (Laverie, 2010). Food additives are one of the many preservatives that contain synthetic chemicals, and research has turn up that synthetic chemicals can cause ma ny symptoms of depression to occur. Food additives are used to add flavor to foods, and to help make foods look more appealing. But the number one reason for using food additives is to help preserve food so that it can last longer (Bousch, n.d.). Research has proven that many food additives have a harmful effect for our health physically but also mentally. Just like food additives, industrial by-products have the same effect on ones mental health. Industrial by-products are products that are produced using machines in factories (Merriam-Websters online Dictionary, n.d.). Some examples of food additives that have been proven to have a negative effect on mental health are foods that are identified as sugar-free or diet (Bousch, n.d) These foods all contain Aspartame, better known as artificial sweeteners. Aspartame can cause many diseases including depression. Another food additive to avoid is monosodium glutamate (MSG), an amino acid used in many frozen foods and chips. MSG can damag e cells even to the point of death by over exciting them, and MSG can also run neurologic pathways. If many of these causes are not avoided, adolescents may suffer from depression which may have many consequences.Depression, if left(p) untreated, has many effects. One of effect of depression is substance abuse. Substance abuse and mental disorders usually co-occur in adolescence. Adolescence suffering from depression are usually in search of a way of making themselves feel better, which usually leads them to drugs and alcohol. Teens who try to self medicate marijuana and other drugs end up making their depression worse (Adolescence Depression and Substance Abuse, n.d). do drugs abuse and alcohol abuse can also cause suicide because it can impair ones judgment and increasing their impulsivity, which can cause them to make decisions without thinking of the consequences (Suicide and Depression, n.d).Another effect depression can have on adolescents is a negative affect on school pe rformance. Depression can cause lack of concentration which causes a disinterest in school. Also students tend to be more forgetful when suffering from depression, which causes them to forget about assignments, tests, and quizzes which can cause grades to go down. Another issue adolescents face in school is with insubordination. Depressed adolescents get into more fights and arguments with peers and teachers. School performance can also affect depression, for example doing poorly in school may have an effect on ones self esteem. School also can be a trigger for stress, which is another cause of depression. Also, adolescents have trouble interacting with their peers which may discourage them from wanting to go to school (Depression, n.d).One of the biggest consequences of leaving depression untreated is suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death in adolescents in the U.S. (Suicide Prevention, n.d). The number one cause for suicide is untreated depression (Caruso, n.d). Ther e are many reasons why adolescents commit suicide but most of the time its because they think its the only solution to their problems and they are unable to regulate that they can turn their life around (Teenage Suicide, 1999). According to Center for Disease Control over 90 percent of the time someone commits suicide it is because they have a mental disorder that can be treated and if it were treated on that point would be a less number of suicides in the U.S (Suicide Prevention, n.d). Suicide shares many symptoms with depression but to a much more greater extent, for example extreme hopelessness, insomnia, heightened panic attacks, and irritability (Some Facts about Suicide and Depression, n.d).Depression, unlike many other diseases, is treatable. There are many different approaches to treating depression such as antidepressants, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive shock therapy. Antidepressants are used to balance chemicals in your brain called neurotransmitters (Greenlaw, n.d ). Antidepressants help make better your mood, your appetite, and your sleep (Greenlaw, n.d). Like all medications, antidepressants have negative side effects, for example sometimes antidepressants can make some people feel suicidal, also antidepressants can cause nausea, weight gain, headaches, sweating, and diarrhea(Smith, Robinson, Segal, Ramsey, 2014).Psychotherapy is a series of ways of treating mental health, emotional and some psychiatric disorders (Psychotherapies, n.d). Another word for psychotherapy is talk therapy, psychotherapy involves having people understand their mental disorder (Psychotherapies, n.d). Psychotherapy also teaches one how to deal with stress and unhealthy thoughts. There are many different types of psychotherapy, because everyone responds differently to treatments. Some people may have to meet with the therapist alone whereas some people prefer to be with a group of people (Psychotherapies, n.d). There arent many negative side effects of psychothera py, but one negative in choosing this method treatment is not always being able to find fully qualified therapists who can treat depression this way (Jollant, n.d).Electroconvulsive therapy is when you pass electric currents through the brain to cause brain seizures (Mayo Clinic Staff). Electroconvulsive therapy can purloin certain symptoms of mental illnesses faster than other treatments (Mayo Clinic Staff, n.d). Electroconvulsive therapy is known to be the most effective treatment for severe depression (Szalavitz, 2012). One of the biggest negative effects of electroconvulsive therapy is keeping loss (Side Effects and Risks, n.d). People may also suffer from cardiovascular complications, dental and oral trauma, and skin burns (Park, n.d).Islam is a holistic religion, meaning that it has an impact on every aspect of ones life. Everyone must face some trials and tribulations in life, it doesnt matter how religious one person may be they can still be tested, as stated in this ayah in the Quran Do people think that they will be left alone because they say We believe, and will not be tested? (Quran 292).Islam teaches its believers never to despair and always have hope in Allah (swt). no matter how hard the situation maybe at the moment that Allah (swt) will also provide that person with relief afterwards (Quran 945). Islam believes that shaytaan can make one feel like theyre being punished so one may tend to lose hope and forget that it may only be a test from Allah (swt) not a punishment. According to some, trials and tribulation can also strengthen ones relationship with Allah (swt) (Bataski, 2011). When someone feels depressed or down at times Allah (swt) states in the quran to always turn to him because he is the only true source of light and guidance. People may go through difficult times in their lives but they should always know that Allah (swt) will always be there for them to turn to.Society needs to recognize the importance of depression and should b e able to equip its youth with treatments. If many people understood the causes of depression then maybe people would not ignore their symptoms and would go and get treatment for themselves or their children. If depression stays ignored then and nothing is done to help todays youth then there will be a rise in the number of deaths by suicide.

Gatsbys Mysterious Nature in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald :: essays research papers

The 1920s was a time of prosperity, wo human beingss rights, and bootleggers. F. Scott Fitzg epochld truly depicts the reality of this era with The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby, an enormously wealthy man, is famous for his extravagant parties and striking residence. However, this is all that is known about Gatsby. Even his closest friends continue to wonder what kind of man Gatsby actually is. The mysteriousness of Gatsby is demonstrated by conceivable gossip, his random departures, and the missing parts of his past.It is human nature for people to question the character of those around them, and in Gatsbys case, his friends did not have much information about him. Since little is known about Gatsby, his neighbor, Nick, must depend on misleading rumors about the man of mystery. At one of Gatsbys glamorous parties, a group of women gossip, One time he killed a man who had found out that he was the nephew to Von Hindenburg and second first cousin to the devil (61). Other guest place Gats by as an illegal bootlegger or as a German spy during the war. While some of these stories may be true to his past, most are the outcome of societys ignorance of Gatsby. As Nick and Gatsby become more acquainted, Nick is invited to dine with Gatsby for lunch. They arrive at the restaurant, and eat while engaging with one of Gatsbys business partners. After the three enjoy their lunch, Nick bumps into Tom Buchanan, the husband of Nicks cousin, Daisy. Attempting to kick off Gatsby to Tom, an unfamiliar look of embarrassment came over Gatsby face I turned towards Mr. Gatsby, but he was no longer there (74). The reason for his disappearance is unknown, so adding to the ambiguity of Gatsby.Throughout the book, Nick strings together pieces of Gatsbys past. However, his uncertainty grows as Gatsby reveals himself one day while driving to town, Gatsby hurried the phrase educate at Oxford, or swallowed it, or choked on it, as though it had bothered him before. And with this doubt, his wh ole statement fell to pieces, and I wondered if there wasnt something a little sinister about him, after all (65). With hesitation in his voice, Gatsby is surely not revealing the truth. The many holes in his storyline can sure as shooting lead one to question the validity of his past.

The Rural Way of Life in The River Warren :: warren

The Rural Way of Life in The River Warren   Anyone who has taken a trip across the midwestern states has seen a divergent way of invigoration. The River Warren gave the readers a sense of this rural way of life around the Two-Speed semi crash. Corn, wheat, and other agricultural products can be seen for miles and miles in tout ensemble directions. As you drive through, you can see farmers hard at work, combines, tractors, and bailers all on the job(p) at full speed, sun up to sun down. It doesnt take tenacious too see how much these farms must work in order to survive. Why must these farmers devote so much of their lives to the profession? The answer to this enquire can become very complicated. When one sells any product, economics is the dominant factor with regards to price and the quantity of ones particular product. Many external factors play a huge role in the supply and demand of farm products. The focus of this paper is to explore some of the factors th at make farming such a hard, vapourisable business.   In the book, the Gruber family is a good example of a small farming family. Leo is the head of the household and, therefore, spends all or most of his time working on the farm. Jeff Gruber, Leos son, speaks of his fathers work in one passage. Leo express his fathers capacity for work grated on him (76). This family was always forced to work. At night, the tractor-trailer would come to load cattle. Jeff stated the days were full of plowing, discing, harrowing, planting, cultivating, harvesting, and feeding the cattle (76). Growing up in this setting meant work at a young age for the children. Jeff and his younger brother, Chris, ar not exceptions. In the story, Chris is killed in a farming accident. Chriss youth and his inexperience with farm equipment were outweighed by the holds of the farm. Unfortunately, this kind of tragedy happens in real life as well. The book describes this way of life in many section s but never answered why life was like this. Why this much work was need was never answered. Now we will explore this question.   First thing we need to look at are some of the external factors that apply to the family farm.