Nuclear Power - a Reliable Energy Source for the Future Essay Example for Free

Nu attain Power a Reliable Energy Source for the Future establishNuclear cause A reliable might source for the future India is on the move. Indeed, one of the particular reasons why we argon all the same having this competition is a result of the 8% plus annual gross domestic product growth over the finish 8 years. This growth has been driven by strong domestic demand, and with that electricity consumption per capita has doublight-emitting diode from 355KWh in 2000 to 720kWh by 2009. This is a huge addition, b arly in absolute impairment is puny when compargond to separate countries globally, cosmos except 20% and 3% of the figures for China and America respectively. Juxtapose this with the felonious fact that near 400 million people are yet to be connected to the electricity grid and the composing is on the wall. In this regard its best to correspond ourselves to China that its already clear that demand is vent to soar in the coming years. On the fork ou t side, the power generation figures are a good deal gloomier, and to the highest degree years hover stubbornly around the Hindu rate of growth of 3%. Understandably power generation requires huge capital investment even so, the pace of growth has been extremely tardy over the past 20 years.In many states (Maharashtra being the notable example) reasonably healthy power surpluses from the early 90s were allowed to stagnate into power deficits by the end of the decade, scope the stage for a huge uphill struggle to cope with the demand surge of this past decade. The displace result of all this is that overall national power deficit is around 12% consistently, with no major(ip) state being power surplus. There can be no doubt as to what is amenable for this deplorable planning and lack of foresight on the part of the Government.Thankfully, it appears to have finally woken up to the challenge, and in that respect are hasty efforts being made to meet the XIth plan revised target of 62,500 MW with a farthermost more ambitious target for the XIIth plan. Given this changed outlook on the part of the Government, I think this is an clarified opportunity to not only work for the short term goal of bridging the deficit, entirely also flavor nevertheless ahead and envisioning scenarios for 2020 and beyond. Lets take a step back and hitch exactly how we get our power from. At the oment, the predominant source is thermal a kinder word for what are broadly coal-fired plants. Totally these contribute 64. 6% of the total installed capacity. The other major contributor is hydroelectric powerwhich provides another(prenominal) 22. 6% of total power. Both are hardly what youd term green coal cater plants , especially in India are inefficient and polluting whereas self-aggrandising scale hydroelectric projects tend to cause heavy(a) scale environmental changes as well as trigger population shifts. Finally thither is thermo atomic and renewables, which come in at 4. % and 7. 2% respectively. Given the scale of problems associated with large scale hydroelectric projects, it is sledding to extremely difficult (and not advisable from an environmental masspoint either) to attempt to build huge hydroelectric projects. Indeed, most of the current capacity has been installed in the present(prenominal) years post-independence and in that location has been little progress with large scale projects in the last twenty years (the Narmada Bachao Andolan and the movements against the Tehri dam come to mind here).It is quite clear therefore, that apart from small scale hydroelectric projects that do not require massive dams on rivers, it is going to be very difficult to raise the conventional hydroelectric generation capacity by as much as is required by the growth in demand discussed above. It is quite an accepted view that the renewable energy sources like wind, tidal and geothermal just leave not have the office to compensate for current fossil fuel generation. Wind and waves could only be used at the seashore or in elevated areas in the mountain ranges, and apart from the four monsoon months, wind patterns across the subcontinent are rather subdued.In my view, there are strong reasons for opting for the latter, which I will detail in the paragraphs below. India abounds with coal. Indeed, this is the only fossil fuel we have a huge supply of. Beneath the ground in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Orissa lies about 10% of the known reserves, making India the 3rd largest coal producer in the world. With reserves enough to last for at least another 100 years, it is no surprise then that post-Independence a huge idiom was set on enhanced exertion and utilisation for electricity generation.There are of course other demands for coal, most notably by the steel industry where it is used as a raw material. handle many other areas for the economy, the steel industry has also boomed in the last 20 years with a six fold increase in produc tion. entirely this may also prove to be as well little as demand is increasing at an annual pace of 10%+ and is likely to press forward given the renewed push for infrastructure snap offment by the government. All of this has meant that once again India is trade large quantities of coal negating the trade cushion that large domestic production naturally affords us.What is the reason for this pair? All mines in India were nationalised in the 1970s, and have fallen behind the reprieve of the world in production standards and efficiencies. Finally, Indian coal has a high ash content and low calorific value which office that larger quantities of raw material will need to be mined. All of these last points highlight the much larger problem with coal- its huge impact on the environment. Fossil fuels pollute, but they do so in two ways- through the emission of particulate matter, S02, N02 and other harmful turgidityes (traditional pollution) and the emission of carbonic acid gas a nd other babys room gases.In most of the developed world, the source has vanished almost completely with strict regulations on emissions from plants. In India, with the poor quality of mining and lax environmental normscoal power plants are a huge source of topical anesthetic pollution. This probatively mars the quality of life of the people in the surrounding area, and if a dramatic increase in coal power is planned, a much larger number of people will be affected. Of course, the much bigger problem and challenge is the huge coulomb emissions. To many, the whole debate on climate change is a conspiracy by the West.Just when India appears to be settling on a itinerary of sustained growth, the bogey of carbon emissions is raised by nations that have made full use of carbon based industries themselves. Climate change debate in India is extremely low on facts and high on rhetoric and outlooks range from a care-a-damn attitude to holding it liable for everyunusually heavy downpou r. Climate change is by and large not a burning topic for public discussion, certainly not one of the aam aadmi wagess and so receives short shrift amongst our politicians- many of whom know precious little on the matter.Imagine then the unease, when the whole issue blew up suddenly at Copenhagen in 2008 and India thrust into a prominent position alongside China. No longer an innocent bystander as at Kyoto a decade before, Indias growth and emergence in the worlds eyes have also ensured that it is now seen as essential to the solution. While there was no deal reached on the matter in part due to India and China standing firm, the writing is on the wall for India. Emission limits are going to come sooner or later.Indeed, they may be pretty soon given the unexpected change in the Governments stance at the current round of negotiations in Cancun. All this makes coal powered plants the real villains of the lot. Spewing huge amounts of carbon in the atmosphere, they can (and especially the ones in India) be highly inefficient. Technologies like Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) live which can reduce this but is at the moment prohibitively expensive and reduces the efficiency of the plant by a further 50%. There is also the additional problem of safe storage of the captured CO2 so that it does not leak out for 100s of years.If even in the West it will require significant government subsidy to implement, there is not much scope of it taking off in India where there will be no governmental support. A simple modification could be to build gas/oil based plants. While the carbon emissions will be curtailed somewhat, and air pollution unquestionably reduced, these are not a solution to the problems of carbon emissions. And finally Indias oil and gas (despite recent finds) reserves are far short of meeting demand, which would place these plants at the mercy of large fluctuations in international prices or global unrest.Good examples of this are the countries of Eur ope who are trying hard to diversify themselves past from Russian gas. Now these can be perceived as significant setbacks, or else as a whole new set of opportunities with the chance for a level playing field. I earnestly suppose that these two issues- the burgeoning power deficit and the push to eliminate it and the need to begin some action on climate change have fortuitously come at the same time. Nuclear energy has a long association with independent India.Nuclear energy caught the attention of our founding fathers and Jawaharlal Nehru was an eager advocate. In an potent letter Homi Bhabha, the architect of the Indian thermo atomic program wrote Moreover, when nuclear energy has been successfully applied for power production in say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look overseas for its experts but will find them ready at hand. But the fortunes of our nuclear ambitions mirrored only to a fault closely that of Indias relations with the rest of the world .The early optimism of the Nehru years disappeared abruptly with the China war, and the 1964 Chinese atomic test only served to highlight Indias isolation from the worlds major powers and the precarious security department balance with regards to China. Acquiring a bomb became a national priority and while the 1974 tests were a win for Mrs Gandhi domestically, it spelt doom for civilian nuclear efforts. An outraged international community imposed tough sanctions, which were further intensified after the 1998 nuclear tests. For most people, it seemed that civilian nuclear efforts had been given a quiet burial. But was this really the case?Amazingly, and in what must be one of the greatest triumphs of Indian science and engineering, it was not Despite tremendous odds, a great deal of effort was put into civilian nuclear engine room. Realising that they couldnt rely on the West, our scientists decided to revisit the entire basis of the nuclear process and press on with phase II of the so called three stage nuclear program. The emphasis would now be placed on Thorium, which is much more abundant in India. There are significant challenges to using this material, mostly due to the fact that it does not produce the fissile stable Uranium 235 as a by-product of decay.A lot of work has been through with(p) in this area, and directly we are ready to commission projects at phase II and planning work has already begun for Phase III Advanced Heavy irrigate Reactor systems. However, in that period the Cold War became history and our growing economy and some by chance dogged diplomacy won India the landmark nuclear deal of 2008. While the sceptics may decry the dismissal of sovereignty India is now no longer a nuclear pariah and can trade and develop its civilian nuclear capabilities as it sees fit.What I want to underscore here is just how competitive we are our atomic energy facilities are in many cases at the cutting edge of nuclear explore and certainly the be st work on Thorium is coming out of India. So much so that nuclear scientists from the West are extremely keen on using our facilities and collaborating with us. I think the nuclear deal will enable us to leverage our strengths well, and if properly planned out, India could very well acquire from customer to supplier, exporting high value technology to other countries around the globe.This is an opportunity that surely cannot be missed But to return to nuclear energy- does it fulfil the requirements for a reliable source of energy? wellhead air pollution is extremely limited, and so are carbon emissions as there are no fossil fuels involved (except perhaps for the transfer of the fuel). India possesses vast reserves of Thorium, and electricity from nuclear power will also be cost effective. Sure, it takes longer to build these plants but that in part has been to our lack of generate and the stifling of nuclear commerce pre 2008.This has been taken into account in the growth plans to 20,000 MW by 2020 and then a further tripling to 63,000 MW by 2032. Unlike the solar power targets though, these should be readily achievable. At the moment, Indian industry doesnt possess many of the skills required by the industry and this will be a great impetus itself for developing high tech industries in India. However, there is the serious issue of organisation of nuclear by products and the catastrophic scenarios that can arise from a nuclear accident. Indeed it is the latter which has led to large amounts of anti-nuclear feelings especially in Europe.The largest such accident was at Chernobyl in 1986 and the radiation from this affected most of continental Europe. But as has been pointed out, safety standards in the Soviet Union were not as nasty as the West, and even these were blatantly violated as the Soviet economy began to crumble. In other words, it was a terrible exception and given correct management, shouldnt happen again. In many ways this was spookily simil ar to Bhopal, which is worrying for two reasons. One it shows we dont have an inbred safety market-gardening and two that such comparisons could be a convenient bogey for derailment of nuclear projects.The solution is to tackle the former and build up a culture of professionalism and discipline at these nuclear power plants, with safety standards that compare with the West and are adhered to. The memories of Bhopal are still fresh in peoples minds and lets hope the lessons stay with us also. France is a great example of a system that works. 70% of its electricity is generated in nuclear plants and it has an unblemished safety record. So along with technology, we should have no qualms in acquire from the best in the trade and imbibing their safety ethic.If this is done, there is a great chance of nuclear technology becoming another transformative sector for the economy like IT was in this decade. Being a nuclear energy powerhouse will have a knock-on effect for Indian diplomacy and our relations with the rest of the world. Given the volatile nature of world events, it is almost a certainty that access to nuclear technology will be continue to be restrictive in the years ahead. All of the world powers today have strong nuclear programs- even Japan is a key supplier for civilian nuclear technology.A strong domestic nuclear sector will add a lot of free weight to our voice in the world and hasten Indias ascent on the world stage. Nuclear energy will enable us to make significant progress in meeting any emissions targets that could be set for us and will make clear to the world that India is serious about climate change. not only is this good for us in the long run (India is particularly vulnerable to rising temperatures) but it will also deflect pressure back on the developed nations who are primarily obligated for the problem. Such a bold move would be another shot in the arm for Indian diplomacy.If a stopgap solution is required, then coal and gas plants are the way forward. Indeed, to meet the immediate deficit, this is the only way. But it is not the technology for the future. At the moment, that mantle lies with nuclear energy. Our country has already done a great deal of work under very difficult conditions to build up our nuclear program. It would be a tragedy to let this slide and not harness its capabilities. Accomplishing this will require vision- but then, that is exactly what is needed to build the India of the future.